Theory of Economics in the Film Industry

Theory of Economics in the Film Industry Introduction In this essay I shall examine the theory of economics within the film industry and how it contributes to the production and distribution of mainstream Hollywood films. For the purposes of this essay I shall be researching and commenting solely upon Hollywood productions. My research will include an examination of different theories that investigate and explain how economics shape the way that film is stripped down to its bare essentials so that the business of making movies can begin in earnest. Throughout this essay I shall investigate the importance of budget, audience, genre, stars and guidance ratings in relation to the success of a movie. With the collation of this data I shall explore how these economic factors sculpt what is recognised as mainstream Hollywood cinema; investigating how important they are in shaping the strengths and limitations of what is exhibited onto cinema screens across the world. Using this information I shall argue the pros and cons of how a rigidly structured industry can produce works of art, passion and brilliance whilst being presided over by a business-orientated mentality that should, in theory, stifle any creative development. In my conclusion I aim to explain how this is possible and what may lie ahead in the future. Economics of Film The way that economics work in film is complex. There are a great number or variables that need to be taken into consideration from the outset when preparing any kind of financial package to put a film project into production. This ‘green lighting’ analysis seems to have become an exact science over the years in Hollywood; it has had to be as the average budget to make and market an-MPAA accredited major film in 2005 was $96.2 million (this includes $60 million in negative costs and $36.2 million in marketing costs).[1] With the average budget totalling almost $100 million the stakes are high, and the pressure to recoup the costs and go on to make the film an official success are immense. Unlike low budget films where the emphasis is to produce the film for as little money as possible, Hollywood aims high and expects high returns. It is this importance of making money in Hollywood that has led to widespread criticism of its methodology of producing films. How can art be held at ransom to the demands of cash flow forecasts and daily target sales? In his book, Hollywood Cinema, Richard Maltby questioned this paradox: For the vulgar Romantic in us all, Hollywood is not Art because it is commercial. For the vulgar Marxist in us all, Hollywoods enslavement to the profit system means that all its products can do is blindly reproduce the dominant ideology of bourgeois capitalism.[2] In its simplest form it is possible to split Hollywood into two significant camps; the business of making movies and the production of film. Obviously this is an extreme simplification, but for the basis of this essay it can be used to identify how the images we see on the silver screen on a Friday night begin life as a list of figures and calculations on an economist’s laptop. The fact that Hollywood is a multi-billion dollar industry guarantees its survival. It deserves to be viewed upon as a completely different entity to any other artistic medium such as photography , painting or sculpture. The reality is that the audience actually sees an identical copy (a reproduction), but this does not take away anything from the original work. It is not like going to a museum and looking at a reproduction print of a work of art instead of the actual brushstrokes of the artist. As such there is no real loss in value because of this. Richard Maltby writes that: The economics of Hollywood rely expressly upon this technical possibility, since any number of prints can be struck from an original master negative and exhibited simultaneously.[3] There have been many different models that have been introduced to analyse the process of how economics work in Hollywood. The common denominator of these theories is that the most effective way of studying the medium of film is to study it on its own merits and not as a broad comparison to other media. This focused view of film in the field of economics has been labelled as ‘micro-economic research’: Given the interesting characteristics of movies as ideal examples of differentiated products and of the institutional arrangements governing their production and distribution, such increased data availability would make this an exceptionally attractive area for applied micro-economic research.[4] In the late 1970s, American economist Thomas Guback wrote his essay Are We Looking at the Right Things in Film? in which he argued that the study of cinema seemed to ignore the ‘analysis of cinema as an economic institution and as a medium of communication’[5]. Nearly thirty years on Guback’s concerns are still relevant in that a lot more attention is given to the understanding of a film’s economics. Another economist, Professor Robert Picard, explained the importance of audience consumption in 1989 when he stated that: Media economics is concerned with how media operators meet the informational and entertainment wants and needs of audiences, advertisers and society with available resources. It deals with the factors influencing production of media goods and services and the allocation of those products for consumption.[6] When Picard speaks of the wants and needs of the audience he is introducing a wide range of attributes that need to be addressed when contemplating how a film must be produced to subjectively please its audience, and therefore returning its costs. This concern is highlighted in the industrial organisation model created by Douglas Gomery. In it he describes how the analyst must focus on the objective description o f the organisation (in this case the film production) and not the subjective response (how the audience reacts): The industrial organization model of structure, conduct, and performance provides a powerful and useful analytical framework for economic analysis. Using it, the analyst seeks to define the size and scope of the structure of an industry and then go on to examine its economic behaviour. Both of these steps require analyzing the status and operations of the industry, not as the analyst wishes it were. Evaluation of its performance is the final step, a careful weighing of what is versus what ought to be.[7] What these theorists introduce to the equation is that there are many problems that need to be addressed before embarking on the goal of putting a film into production. This uncertainty is readdressed by Arthur de Vany in his book, Hollywood Economics. In it de Vany explains the uniqueness of each individual project and how its life as a commercial product in the theatrical market is hazardous. He introduces the idea that films exist in a battling arena, a box-office tournament, fighting against one another for the public’s attention: Motion pictures live and die in the box-office tournament as they are challenged during their run by a randomly evolving cast of new competitors. The challengers come from films previously released and from newly released films. The contending films are ranked by filmgoers and those with high rank survive and are carried over to the next week. Low ranked films fail and are replaced by new contenders.[8] This colourful analogy of films as knights in shining armour jousting for the acceptance of the audience is a perfect example of how weaker films (financially rather than artistically in most Hollywood films) are often tossed aside by bigger and stronger productions. He continues to say that: The leading products command a disproportionate share of the market and they have longer runs. Even then, a films rank in the tournament is ephemeral and its life unpredictable.[9] Using de Vany’s theory it becomes apparent that certain actions by the parties responsible for production prove vitally important to the success of the project. These actions are described by Albert Moran in his study of film policy: â€Å"Policy is a series of practice engaged in by an agency – whether government, private, or commercial – to achieve a particular set of outcomes.†[10] These outcomes, in this particular case the target being that of a successful movie release, rely on many attributes and the policy exists in a â₠¬Å"complex field affected by factors such as constitutional and legislative arrangements, general economic conditions, the prevailing culture, social awareness, and technological capacities, as well as such human agencies as politicians, business entrepreneurs, white- and blue-collar labour, bureaucrats, and cultural and social workers.†[11] It is easy to be bogged down by so many different economic models and theories when analysing how the Hollywood system works. With so many factors influencing the results the process becomes a minefield of potential disasters waiting to happen. How can anyone truly predict what is going to be a successful film? Writer Harold Vogel highlights this quandary when he points out that: â€Å"Of any 10 major theatrical films produced, on the average 6 or 7 are unprofitable, and 1 will break even.[12] If we were to surmise that this list of ten films were produced by the same studio in one year then the models as used by Picard, Gomery, et al really do not ease the pressure faced by the film executives. The cold, hard facts point at only a 20-30% success rate in their annual production slate recouping their costs. It is all very well studying the market, assessing the competition and second-guessing the audiences’ preferences, but the fact is that 60-70% of the studio’s produc t will lose money. If we reintroduce the MPAA’s statistic that the average major release in 2005 cost around $100 million, it would mean that the studio understands that only two movies from their annual releases must do enough business at the box office to recoup their own costs as well as the costs of the $700 million from the other eight films. According to the MPAA in the full calendar year of 2005, only eight films grossed over $200 million, twelve films grossed $100 $199 million and 36 films grossed $50 – $99 million.[13] Economic models can only interpret the market to a certain point; blind faith takes over after that. Vogel breaks away from the other theorists by boldly stating that: There are no formulas for success in Hollywood. We find that much conventional Hollywood wisdom is not valid. By making strategic choices in booking screens, budgeting and hiring producers, directors and actors with marquee value, a studio can position a movie to improve its chan ces of success. But, after a movie opens, the audience decides its fate. The exchange of information among a large number of individuals interacting personally unleashes a dynamic that is complex and unpredictable.[14] Vogel’s theory on the exchange of information from the public audience unleashing a complex and unpredictable dynamic typifies the world in which the Hollywood film is now being made. It is now, more than ever, that the success of a film in the box office is paramount to how Hollywood works. He describes the essence of the movie business as this: â€Å"The mean of box-office revenue is dominated by a few blockbuster movies and the probability distribution of box-office outcomes has infinite variance! The distribution of box-office revenues is a member of the class of probability distributions known as Là ¨vy stable distributions. These distributions are the limiting distributions of sums of random variables and are appropriate for modelling the box-office rev enues that motion pictures earn during their theatrical runs†¦ Movie projects are, in reality, probability distributions and a proper assessment of their prospects requires one to do a risk analysis of the probabilities of extreme outcomes.[15] What I believe Vogel is saying is that the importance of ticket sales from the box office shapes the type of movie that the studio will produce. A blockbuster film that boasts a line up of A-list stars will fare significantly better than a film that has no stars attached; the fact that the blockbuster might be an artistically inferior film has no real relation to its success. In turn, the ‘bigger’ the picture the more people go to see it. The more people go to see it, the longer it runs at the cinemas. The longer it runs at the cinemas, the more revenue the studio gets back. This means that a studio is more likely to release a major film, perhaps one of its 20% profit-movies, with big stars attached; this acts as insurance t hat it should, theoretically, be widely accepted by the audience. Vogel adds that: The complex dynamics of personal interaction between viewers and potential viewers overwhelm the initial conditions. The difficulties of predicting outcomes for individual movies is more sensible than the current practice of greenlighting individual movie projects.[16] Therefore the studios can have a clearer idea of how the movie is going to fare if there is a star attached. This is a Hollywood trait that has been successful since the 1920s and the Hollywood Star System. If you were to ask an average cinema goer what the most important ingredient of a Hollywood blockbuster was the answer, more often than not, would be that of an A-list star in the leading role. This is not a modern phenomenon in Hollywood. The star system was first professionally handled with the introduction of United Artists, a talent management company formed by D.W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, William S. Hart and Mary Pickford in 1919. Nearly ninety years later the importance of the agent in Hollywood can determine the success of an entire studio; it is their client that attracts a vast number of the public to the cinemas. If it wasn’t for the love affair that the viewing public has for celebrity then Hollywood would be a different place, yet the power of Hollywood as the market leader in film is unassailable; even from competitive new film nations such as India’s Bollywood productions. The ‘Big Six’ (Warner Bros., Paramount, Twentieth Century Fox, Sony, Disney, and Universal) and the Hollywood stars still ‘front’ the production. As Douglas Gomery writes: The Big Six studios retained a growing appetite for hot new talents. By the late-1990s newcomers Gwyneth Paltrow and Ben Affleck, as well as proven box-office winners like Jim Carrey and Tom Cruise, could command $20 million a picture.†[17] He argues that the current climate of Hollywood movie production is more akin to the Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s. He believes that nothing much has changed in this time as the Big Six still have a dominant control over production and distribution: â€Å"†¦the end of the 20th century was the era when the Big Six in Hollywood achieved its greatest power and profitability.[18] Another believer in the power that stars have over a film’s performance at the box office is S. Abraham Ravid who was analysed the impact of well-known and well-loved acting talent on individual productions: Profitabil ity studies have been closely related to the study of stars. Stars have always been a puzzling phenomenon. Some stars seem to have vastly superior talents, whereas many others do not seem very different in looks or any other observable characteristics from many other talented performers. Yet, they receive vastly more attention, money, and recognition than anybody else.[19] Another important factor in understanding the economics of Hollywood is by analysing the demographics involved in worldwide releases. According to the figures from the MPAA, in 2005 the total domestic box office receipts in the United States remained near $9 billion and global box office receipts came in at over $23 billion. Admissions in US cinemas decreased 8.7% in 2005 to 1.4 billion.[20] The importance of understanding how the audience reacts to certain types of films is paramount in determining what projects are most likely to recoup their production budgets. One way of assessing this information is by identifying what genre of film is most successful at the box office. I shall examine the importance of genre in Hollywood later in the essay, but for the time being I shall focus on the importance of the film’s appointed rating. In the UK the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) uses a scale of ratings to ‘give the public information that empowers them to make appropriate viewing decisions for themselves and those in their care.’[21] In the United States the classification system is similar yet it is not fully enforceable as it is here in the UK. The MPAA ratings range from G (General Audiences; similar to our U), PG (Parental Guidance), PG-13 (Parents Strongly Cautioned; similar to our 15), R (Restricted; similar to our 18) and NC-17 (Over 18 Only). Using the statistics supplied by the MPAA it is apparent that, ‘consistent with past years, PG-13 films comprised the majority of top grossers for the industry, with PG and PG-13 films accounting for 85% of 2005’s top 20 films’[22] In closer inspection the top 20 grossing films were made up of 5% G-rated, 25% PG-rated, 60% PG-13-rated and 10% R-rated. It is also interesting to note that since 1968, nine of the top ten grossing films have been PG and PG-13-rated (the other is R-rated); this is even though only 33% of films released since 1968 are PG or PG-13-rated co mpared to 58% of R-rated movies. [23] In his studies, Arthur de Vany examined a ten year period of Hollywood production and found some interesting facts: From 1985 to 1996, inclusive, Hollywood made 1,057 R-rated movies; just 60 G-rated movies were made during that same period R-rated movies accounted for 52 percent of the 1,689 movies that did not feature a star and they accounted for 57 percent of the movies that did feature a star. The 100 stars of the A-list appear in, produce or direct more often in R-rated movies than in any other rating.[24] Using the same research data it is interesting to note that less than three per cent of low budget R-rated movies included a star compared with ten per cent of medium budget and 45 per cent of high budget productions: Success rates are a more representative measure of revenue earning power than is the number of high grossing films. The success rate for R-rated movies is just 6 percent, whereas 13 percent of G- and PG-rated movies are hits and 10 percent of PG-13 movies are hits. The box-office success rates for all non-R-rated movies (G, PG and PG13) are twice the rate for R-rated movies.[25] Mainstream Hollywood To summarise all the information I have analysed above, it would seem that the best possible way for a Hollywood executive to decide whether to green light a project would be to make sure that the film was directed by a known director, starred two A-list actors and had a PG-13 rating. Also to be taken into consideration would be adaptations of popular books or remakes of previous films. True to form, Hollywood’s Big Six released the following last year: Star Wars III: Revenge of the Sith (Fox); Harry Potter (Warner Bros.); The Chronicles of Narnia (Buena Vista); War of the Worlds (Paramount); King Kong (Universal); and Hitch (Sony). It is no coincidence that these six films from the Big Six represent six of the top eleven grossing films, with a combined gross box office total of almost $1.6 billion.[26] However, as previously mentioned it is the R-rated movie that is the most popular release in Hollywood. This is mainly due the subject matter of the story that classifies it as such. This subject matter is defined by genre. Film is a medium that can be divided, and subdivided, into different categories. These categories allow the filmmaker to choose what style the script will be filmed with. The resulting production will then attract an audience that appreciates that specific type of film. These categories and sub-categories are referred to as genres and sub-genres. The idea of genre caters mainly for the mass-produced studio films, most notably those of Hollywood. In his book ‘Genre and Hollywood’, author Steve Neale iterates this by stating that: The definition and discussion of genre and genres in the cinema has tended to focus on mainstream, commercial films in general and Hollywood films in particular.[27] This is supported by another writer of genre, Barry Keith Grant, when he identifies that genre movies are those commercial feature films which, through repetition and variation, tell familiar stories with familiar characters in familia r situations.[28] The most popular genres such as action, comedy, gangster and war films are almost always classified as an R-rating; this is why such a large percentage of Hollywood production falls into this category. So why is it that Hollywood still gambles on making films that, according to models, theories and past experience will not go on to make the studios rich? At the start of this essay I simplified the Hollywood process by splitting it between the business and the art. The business of Hollywood is to make money by getting audiences to watch their product, however, it is not as simple as that (thankfully). Even though it may seem that Hollywood is run by men in suits, there is still a lot of power held by the artists. These artists are in turn respected by the business men because they make them money. This money is made by investing in their ideas and vision. This vision is what eventually makes it onto the big screen. There are hugely identifiable strengths weaknesses in the Hollywood system; this is best demonstrated using the first film from the list I have just mentioned. Star Wars III: Revenge of the Sith grossed $380 million and is a blockbuster science-fiction film. When the orig inal Star Wars was released in 1977 there was nothing to compare it to, it created a new style of filmmaking that was light years away from the B-movie science-fiction films previously. Admittedly, the hype of the film and its predecessors certainly helped its success at the box office but it is still a movie that exemplifies the Hollywood experience; pure escapism. It can be labelled as ‘painting by numbers’ in so much that it has a popular director (George Lucas), a couple of A-list stars (Ewan McGregor, Samuel L. Jackson) and a PG-13 rating. However, these attributes are just that; minor factors that make up the whole. Twenty years ago when Hollywood was in its darkest hour, such a major project would probably never have been given the infamous green light. The early 1980’s saw a dramatic drop in box office receipts. The beginning of the decade saw a 9% drop in tickets sold nationwide in American cinemas when only 1.02 billion were sold. This figure got worse in 1986 when just over 1.01 billion tickets were sold[29] (compared to over 4.5 billion ticket sales in 1930). The home video market had certainly dented theatrical sales but Hollywood would always recoup somehow. The immediate problem was the cost of keeping cinemas open; a similar situation to the post Depression period of the 1930’s. Another financial reshuffle was in order. The Big Six were now part of conglomerates. Gulf Western (Paramounts parent company) also owned Madison Square Gardens, Desilu, Simon and Schuster, and Paramount Pictures Television. Yet, only 11% of Gulf Western’s revenues were derived from entertainment industry holdings and just 4% from Paramount Pictures in 1981. That same year, United Artists was bringing only 12% of the revenues in for Transamerica, Universal represented 22% of MCAs income, and Warner Bros. accounted for 24% of Warner Communications revenue.[30] However, by 1989, the entertainment division of Gulf Western, led by Paramo unt Pictures, accounted for over 50% of Gulf Western’s yearly income during a year in which Paramount had only fourteen releases and a 13.8% share of the market thanks to the success of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ($197 million domestic box office),[31] demonstrating again just how important a single film had become by the end of the 1980’s. These blockbusters were to save Hollywood and allow it to grow stronger, and in 2002 ticket sales were over the 1.52 billion mark which was the highest figure for over twenty years, and the blockbuster continues to support the film industry to this day. Without the blockbuster there would not be the same number of people visiting the cinema. Without these audiences cinemas would close. Without the cinemas there would not be the same number of films released; and only the blockbuster would survive. In typical Hollywood irony it is the blockbuster that is keeping world cinema and low budget cinema alive. Conclusion Hollywood is more than just a location on the map. Hollywood is a business, a factory, a production line, a pool of talent, a byword for escapism and a place where dreams come true. Over one hundred years ago when Edwin S. Porter’s 1903 movie The Great Train Robbery introduced complex narrative structure in its editing techniques, and a decade later D.W. Griffith’s 1915 feature The Birth of a Nation grossed $10 million at the box office, it was evident that Hollywood had firmly grasped the concept of making movies. One hundred years later it is still producing films that make enough money to keep the business running. In conclusion to my research I have found that Hollywood operates on the basis that economics contribute considerably to the end product of the films produced. Without an in depth knowledge of how the market works the system would come crashing down. It would seem that this dependence on economic structure and theory would stagnate the film industry; only allowing the studios to release films that were targeted to a specific audience with restricted themes that would guarantee a return on profits. However, the statistics do not back this theory up. Hollywood does release blockbuster films that are almost generic in the way that they play, but the vast majority of films released are not going to return the costs involved. This is where the artistic side of Hollywood shines through. The fact that Hollywood is run as a business does not stop it producing the occasional work of art. There are not many businesses or industries that operate on the basis that around 70% of its product will make a financial loss. This is where the strengths and weaknesses of mainstream Hollywood are most visible. The 20% of film releases that go on to make a profit are all around us; advertising, marketing, merchandising, et al. Sometimes it is hard to get away from the Hollywood publicity machine that pumps its information out to the public, but this is the only way that it can get a return on its investments. It is the blockbuster that keeps the industry running, and as such we have to be prepared that for every Harry Potter there is a Brokeback Mountain and a Capote. Bibliography Burton, Graeme (2002) More than Meets the Eye (Third Edition) Arnold Publishing Curran, James (2000) Mass Media and Society Arnold Publishing de Vany, Arthur S. (2003) Hollywood Economics: How Extreme Uncertainty Shapes the Film Industry Routledge Gomery, Douglas (1989) Media Economics: Terms of Analysis Critical Studies in Mass Communication (Volume 6, Number 1) Gomery, Douglas (2003) The Economics of Hollywood: Money and Media in Alexander, Alison et al [ed.] (2003) Media Economics :Theory and Practice Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Grant, Barry Keith (1986) Film Genre Reader University of Texas Press: Austin Lewis, Jon (1996) Trust and Anti-Trust in the New Hollywood Michigan Quarterly Review Volume 35:1 Maltby, Richard (2003) Hollywood Cinema Blackwell Publishing Moran, Albert (1998) Film Policy: Hollywood and Beyond in Hill, John Church Gibson, Pamela [eds.] (1998) The Oxford Guide to Film Studies Oxford University Press Neale, Steve (1999) Genre and Hollywood Routledge: London Picard, Robert (1989) Media Economics: Concepts and Issues Sage Publications Ravid, S. Abraham (2005) Film Production in the Digital Age – What Do We Know about the Past and the Future? in Moul, Charles C. (2005) A Concise Handbook of Movie Industry Economics Cambridge University Press Smith, Sharon P. Smith, Kerry V. (1986) Successful Movies: A Preliminary Empirical Analysis Applied Economics (issue 18:5) Vogel, Harold L. (1990) Entertainment Industry Economics: A Guide for Financial Analysis Cambridge University Press Wasko, Janet (2003) How Hollywood Works Sage Publications US Theatrical Market 2005 Statistics Leaflet Motion Picture Association of America British Board of Film Classification website www.bbfc.co.uk Box Office Mojo website www.boxofficemojo.com The Numbers website www.the-numbers.com 1 Footnotes [1] Statistic taken from the US Theatrical Market 2005 Statistics Motion Picture Association (p14) [2] Maltby, Richard (2003) Hollywood Cinema Blackwell Publishing (p45) [3] Maltby, Richard (2003) Hollywood Cinema Blackwell Publishing (p45) [4] Smith, Sharon P. Smith, Kerry V. (1986) Successful Movies: A Preliminary Empirical Analysis Applied Economics (issue 18:5) (p506) [5] Wasko, Janet (2003) How Hollywood Works Sage Publications (p6) [6] Picard, Robert (1989) Media Economics: Concepts and Issues Sage Publications (p7) [7] Gomery, Douglas (1989) Media Economics: Terms of Analysis Critical Studies in Mass Communication (Volume 6, Number 1) (p58) [8] de Vany, Arthur S. (2003) Hollywood Economics: How Extrem

Describing Places †Seoul Essay

Being the capital of Korea since the 14th century, Seoul (ì„Å"ìš ¸) is one of the most popular tourist destinations located in the west of its country. Packed with countless sights and places to visit, ranging from royal palaces to trendy shopping centre, Seoul is a city with so much to offer that tourists might not know where to begin. The streets of Seoul are always jammed with people as there are endless varieties of restaurants, cafes, shopping centres, discos available at any time of day. Bright neon lights and catchy songs coming out from nightclubs attract young people and there are plenty of karaoke bar where one can have a great time singing and dancing. The mayor tourist attractions of Seoul are â€Å"Seoul Tower† (ë‚ ¨Ã¬â€š °Ã­Æ'€ì›Å') and â€Å"63 Building† (ìÅ" ¡Ã¬â€š ¼Ã« ¹Å'ë” ©). The 236.7m Seoul Tower sits atop Namsan Mountain, offering a breathtaking panoramic view of the city and the surrounding areas. It is so stunning that many visitors consider Seoul Tower the best tower in Asia. As far 63 building, it is said to be one of the tallest buildings in the world. It is a skyscraper situated on Yeouldo (ìâ€" ¬Ã¬ ËœÃ« â€ž), overlooking the Han river (í•Å"ê °â€¢). 63 represents the number of floors it has and it mainly comprises financial offices, entertainment attractions, observatory, restaurants which cater for all ages, the wax museum, a trendy shipping mall packed with brand shops, and a huge aquarium with all kinds of fish. Seoul provides entertainment and an unforgettably unique experience. Unless you witness it for yourself, you will never know the excitement it brings you, try Seoul.

Essay on The Nature of Marxism - Political and Economic...

All economic theories share common roots, they attempt to address the basic question of how an economy can, and should, be maintained. One of the most influential economic philosophies is Marxism. The fact that economic theories can share common roots is especially evident in Marxism; It even shares a basic premise of laissez-faire with capitalism, a philosophy it directly contradicts (Sowell 12). In studying Marxism, two basic necessities must be addressed; the nature of Marxism and its basis, and the political and economic implications of Marxism. Curiously, Marxism was only partially originated by Karl Marx. A great deal of the philosophy behind and rationalization for Marxism- perhaps even the larger part of that thought- was†¦show more content†¦Thus, Marx asserted that his views would remove in name only something that had already, at heart, been removed; he would simply treat that removal in an assisted and official way, promoting fairness in doing so (24). In investigating further the basis of Marxs philosophy, one must note the shared belief of Hegels and Marxs Dialectics. Dialectics is a philosophy at the heart of Marxism; it holds that all things exist not as what they are, but that every thing is in a transitory stage. An acorn is not simply an acorn; it is a future oak tree. A caterpillar exists as a future butterfly. By this philosophy, which can be understood and accepted rather simply (without an offhand disregard for the uniqueness and importance of each individual present stage of an object); it is Marxs later social implication of this philosophy which would meet resistance (Marx, Capital 103). As it were, Marxs Dialectics, at their heart, were simply a method whereby he claimed to understand more the essence of something, rather than its appearance. An appearance alone- the acorn, the caterpillar- fundamentally ignored the essence of something; the future oak tree, the future butterfly. 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Since this argument may appear in many places, itRead MoreKarl Marx And Socialism Negatively Impacted Society1803 Words   |  8 PagesNegatively Impacted Society Marxism, also known as Socialism, and Communism, is â€Å"the political, economic, and social principles and policies advocated by a man known as Karl Marx; it is especially: a theory and practice of socialism including the labor theory of value, dialectical materialism, the class struggle, and dictatorship of the proletariat until the establishment of a classless society† (merriam-webster.com). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are responsible for â€Å"Marxism,† an ideology that has

Violence As A Cleansing Force Essay - 1686 Words

The third aspect of the function of violence in decolonization is violence as a cleansing force. For Fanon, in the process of decolonization, violence liberates the consciousness of the oppressed people by erasing their inferiority complex: At the level of individuals, violence is a cleansing force. It frees the native from his inferiority complex and from his despair and inaction; it makes him fearless and restores his self-respect. [. . .] When the people have taken violent part in the national liberation they will allow no one to set themselves up as liberators. (The Wretched of the Earth 94) In other words, Fanon emphasizes violence as a cathartic element through which colonized man can create a sounder self-identity. We can find some famous examples of violence as a cleansing force in American literature. In Richard Wright s Native Son, Bigger Thomas, the protagonist, feels a sense of freedom for the first time in his life after he kills Mary Dalton, the white girl, because the violence of murder is the only practice of rebellion for him to commit throughout his whole life against the structural violence rampant in a racist society. Max, Bigger s lawyer, explains how Bigger felt after he has killed Mary Dalton as follows: He murdered Mary Dalton accidentally, without thinking, without plan, without conscious motive. But, after he murdered, he accepted the crime. And that s the important thing. It was the first full act of his life; it was the mostShow MoreRelatedViolence Is The Fundamental Factor That Defines The Meaning And Practice Of Colonization1607 Words   |  7 Pages Violence is inescapable when considering political agenda. In the words of Fanon, â€Å"National liberation, national reawakening, restoration of the nation to the people or Commonwealth, whatever the name used, whatever the latest expression, decolonization is always a violent event† (1). According to Fanon, violence is the fundamental factor that defines the meaning and practice of colonisation. In Fanon’s chapter â€Å"On Violence†, he writes predominately about the centrality of violence in resistingRead MoreExamples Of Ethnic Cleansing In The Rohingya1309 Words   |  6 Pagessufferings â€Å"a textboo k example of ethnic cleansing†. According to the United Nations, ethnic cleansing can be defined as â€Å"rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by using force or intimidation to remove persons of given groups from the area† (n.d.). Initially begun by the Burmese government to expel their perceived foe, the ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya has resulted in their dehumanization and denial of existence, experiencing heinous military violence, and deprivation of a future. DehumanizationRead MoreThe Rise Of The 19th Century1441 Words   |  6 Pagesacts of violence used to support these ideologies; instead the forces of capitalism drove the history of the 19th century. By this notion, the last time Europe had experienced extreme forms of violence was during the French Revolution, therefore the decades before the 20th century were relatively peaceful. In the summer of 1914, Europe crossed the point of no return with the beginning of World War I; this war would not be the â€Å"war to end all wars† but instead set a precedent of violence for the restRead MoreMigrant Workers and Xenophobia1425 Words   |  6 Pagesface insecurity from the local vigilante groups and gangs because they view them as aliens. However, there has been no widespread real violence against foreign African immigrants in South Africa since the 2006 xenophobic violence. In the 2006 violence more than 22 people were killed Cape alone; the dead were all Somalis (Stein, para. 10). The 2006 xenophobic violence cause thousands of immigrants to leave South Africa. Similar incidences may occur in Singapore because of the immigrant problem and IndiansRead MoreDoes Religion Cause War653 Words   |  3 PagesThis comes from our innate tendency to want other people to subscribe to our beliefs. That desire can be accompanied with a strong zeal such that if others are impervious to our peaceful approach to convert them to our beliefs, we can even resort to violence to achieve that end. History is replete with such examples. One example was shown during the initial propagation of Islam when the Prophet Mohammad actually declared a holy war against the desert kingdoms and cities of Arabia. The purpose of theRead MorePurposes A nd Principle Of Un Charter Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagespopulations, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations. (UN, 2015) ‘Responsibility to protect’ denoted military intervention is the last resort (United to end genocide, 2015). Additionally, UN charter also mentioned restraint the use of force and In Chapter VII, UN is responsible for the action of restore international peace and prevent aggression (UN, 2015). According to Article 40: In order to prevent an aggravation of the situation, the Security Council may, before making the recommendationsRead MoreSrab Republic Speech708 Words   |  3 Pagesattention of their viewers. Whereas, in reality, the challenges women in Syria face are unilaterally caused by the faithless rebels and the terrorist group ISIS. These rebels and terrorists take our innocent female citizens and force them into sexual slavery, hard labor, and force strict radical Islamic laws upon them, which inhibit their ability to receive proper education and provide for their families. The director of women’s rights for the Human Rights Watch association, Liesl Gernholtz, said in herRead MoreThe United Nations858 Words   |  4 Pagesprotect them. In order to most effectively provide this assistance, the Department for Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) of the UN needs to change its definition of peacekeeping from a largely pacifistic approach to one that sees the necessity in using force when c onfronted with crimes against humanity. The basis for this assertion is the philosophy of humanism, which uses egalitarian principles, celebrating the beauty of life and the value of human beings as a whole group, placing importance on the well-beingRead MoreThe Role Of Canadian Peacekeeping1192 Words   |  5 Pagespolitical and human rights operational planning. This came as a result of military operations that had ignored requirements for long- term addresses to the cause of the Rwandan conflict. The mission was also restricted with little funding, time, and force was prohibited except in self-defence. After the plane shooting, Dallaire called for reinforcements and was denied. By April 10, it was clear the non-battle pole strategy had failed to prevent the genocide. Belgium initially called for reinforcementRead MoreThe Bias of the Term Development693 Words   |  3 PagesRhetorically, their concerns range from potential bias at the expense of indigenous methods to the continuation of western imperialist domination a nd exploitation of lands yet to be further explored. A few of the main concerns of these scholars is ethnic cleansing, resource extraction and false perceptions of the term. Scholars fear that applying the term â€Å"developing† to smaller, weaker countries, they are gearing up to actually proceed to ethnically cleanse the region. The region then loses its identity and

An End to Bullying A Look at Some of the Causes of...

Recently, the topic of bullying amongst pre-teens and teenagers has gained national recognition. Devastating stories of student suicides due to bullying have brought the issue to the forefront of American attention. A number of television news channels have aired specials about the issue, including Anderson Cooper’s in-depth coverage on his CNN program. President Barack Obama has addressed the topic of bullying, most notably when he held a conference at the White House in March of 2010. An Associated Press release about that conference quotes the President as remarking that we must â€Å"dispel the myth that bullying is just a harmless rite of passage or an inevitable part of growing up. Its not† (â€Å"Obama: Bullying†). Clearly, Americans are†¦show more content†¦723). While this is just one study, it indicates that often times it is difficult to recognize when bullying occurs. This is not necessarily the fault of the other students or teachers. They a re very busy with their own lives and responsibilities. It can be difficult to tell when others are just teasing each other or if they are participating in a more serious form of victimization. When the school community is not aware of the bullying that is occurring, they may not even know the problem exists. Without this awareness, the bullying continues to go on and become worse. It would occur anyway, but this lack of knowledge about the situation can make it happen more often and with more severity. In order to correct this, awareness must be raised. Discussions should be open between educators and students. Students should be encouraged to anonymously report signs of bullying they see around them to counselors and teachers. If educators are made aware of the situation, measures can be taken to solve individual problems and reduce the occurrence overall. In addition to raising general awareness of bullying at school, something must also be done to address the rising trend of bul lying in the digital world. In the past, bullying primarily occurred in person. There were no other avenues for this victimization to take place. However, with the rise of digitalShow MoreRelatedThe Cause And Effect Of Bullying1549 Words   |  7 Pagesparents are the underlined cause of bullying. At the very least they are responsible for teaching the ways in which to avoid the stress and social impact bullying causes . Several parenting patterns, cause children to boss around or to be bullied as well as give birth to the perpetrator, the bully. Bullies Authoritarian style parenting, which makes usage of violence or intimidation to coerce children into cooperation is one that results in a bully to form. This may look normal to most parents thatRead MoreUnderstanding How to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People2776 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Assignment 026 Understanding How to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People Task C Unfortunately every child has the possibility to be hurt, put at risk of harm or abused. Safeguarding is our way to ensure that all children are allowed to grow up in a safe environment, protect them from ill treatment, harm and any factors that may impact on their safety and wellbeing. â€Å"Everyone has a responsibility for safeguarding children and young people and every child should be kept safe.† SafenetworkRead MoreBullying3354 Words   |  14 PagesBullying: When Does Harmless Teasing Cross the Line? A Study on Bullying Leslie Babcock National American University Technical Communication May 2, 2012 Letter of Transmittal Date: May 2, 2012 To: From: Dr. Mauer Leslie Babcock 328 W. Grand Avenue 1400 East Kay Haysville, KS 67060 Haysville, Ks 67060 USD 261 Superintendents Dear Dr. Mauer: Enclosed you will find the results of the questionnaire distributed last month, and my recommendations on theRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects On Society Essay2105 Words   |  9 Pagesthe effects of cyber bullying are any less damaging.† (Cyber Bullying Statistics 2014. (n.d.).) In 2014, 52% of young people report being cyber bullied and approximately 10%-20% of those experience cyber bullying regularly. Of the young people who reported cyber-bullying incidents, 33% of them reported that their bullies threatened them. Over 55% of all teens who use social media have witnessed bullying through it and more than 80% of teens regularly use cell phones, making them the most popular formRead MorePromote Children and Young Peoples Positve Behaviour1470 Words   |  6 Pages I will then look to explain how the application of boundaries and rules for behaviour complies with the policies and procedures of the setting. I will then move onto to explaining the benefits of actively p romoting positive aspects of behaviour as well as explaining the strategies for actively promoting positive aspects of behaviour. And finally I will look to give an explanation of the sorts of behaviour or discipline problems that should be referred to others and then I will look to give an understandingRead MoreCyberbullying : A Nightmare?1814 Words   |  8 PagesLaws against bullying and cyberbullying were created to regulate and prevent them; before this society changed drastically on American urban high schools. During that lapse time, numerous amount of students, started to use superior strength or influence to intimidate people who were considered weak and unable to fight back; typically to make the victim do what the bully wants. With time the act of bullying did not only become worse but it grew to have a different branch of bullying. This new kindRead MoreGuidelines, Policies And Procedures Within Ownu.k Home Nation Affecting The Safeguarding Of Children And Young People1 0852 Words   |  44 Pageslegislative purposes, the term child means everyone up to the age of eighteen. The treaty covers a list of rights that everyone under the age of eighteen should be entitled to which include a full range of human rights from civil to economic to political. Some of the rights articles include the right to services such as education and health care; the right to grow up in an environment of happiness, love and understanding; the right to develop their personalities, abilities and talents to show their potential;Read MoreThe Social Downfall Of The Internet And Social Media Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pagesof Snapchat, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, people prefer to be in front of a screen rather than going out into the world to do something more productive with their lives. People rely on social media to keep themselves occupied throughout the day. Some, more than others, use social media as a place to vent about their lives and all of the problems that he o r she may be facing rather than using it as a past time. Thus, making it easier for other people to create drama by posting things about othersRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects On Society And How It Affects It2076 Words   |  9 PagesSchool has finally begun and the vacation is out of the way. But how about the bullies and the concerned victims? Unlike current pupils in today s society, bullied/cyberbullied victims will never receive a break. As kids we’d say Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt Me. But in today s society? It could possibly too hard to cope with these words, specifically bullied victims. Whether it be through written, text, typed or spoken; words are words and it could possiblyRead MoreUnit 333 Understand How to Safeguard the Well-Being of Children and Young People3669 Words   |  15 Pages | |Safeguarding can be described as a broader definition of the wide range of ways that adults and professionals who work with children need to act| |when managing child protection issues. They are designed to prevent the risks of harm to the welfare of children and young people rather than | |react to them. The term child protection is used for the policies and procedures followed in the event of a suspected harm or child abuse case. | |

Common Study Habits Among Students in the Tertiary Level Free Essays

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM THE SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY PURPOSE OF THE STUDY CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH QUESTION REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3 – 5 METHOD – â€⠀œ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN PARTICIPANTS RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS RESULT – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 7 – 10 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES TABLES ANALYSIS – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 – 13 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS DISCUSSION – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14 FINDINGS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14 REFERENCES – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 COMMON STUDY HABITS AMONG STUDENTS IN THE TERTIARY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY A research on the study habits among students in the tertiary level, the study investigated the common study habits among students in the tertiary level using school like St. Nicolas College as a case study. Thirty (30) students were given a questionnaire from different department and year level in the area. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Study Habits Among Students in the Tertiary Level or any similar topic only for you Order Now The instrument utilized for the study was a questionnaire named â€Å"Common Study Habits among Students in the Tertiary Level†. What are study habits? Study habits are the ways that you study – the habits that you have formed during your school years. Study habits can be good ones, or bad ones. Good study habits include being organized, keeping good notes, reading your textbook, listening in class, and working every day. Bad study habits include skipping class, not doing your work, watching TV or playing video games instead of studying, and losing your work, the manner with which you consistently use to study for school or college. Some of the students missed the effective study habits. In this problem, the researcher wishes to improve and enhanced their learning and to reach their highest potential in significant improvements on test scores and the highest level of success in the classroom or on the job. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The problem is focused mainly on the common study habits among student in the tertiary level. THE SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY The problem is focused mainly on the common study habits among student in the tertiary level are significant in various ways. It is believed that findings of this research will definitely be useful to the teachers understanding the capacity, strength and weaknesses of the student and also to influence them in better study habits. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study was based on the following objectives to describe the study habits of the students in St. Nicolas College, to suggest measures to improve the study habits of the students. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to find out the common study habit among students in the tertiary level. This study also intends to reveal or find out what, if any, relationship exists between habit and effective study habits of students in the tertiary level. How to cite Common Study Habits Among Students in the Tertiary Level, Essay examples

The United Nations Mandate and its Future free essay sample

As long as civilizations have existed on the Earth the issue of war and peace has always been at the forefront of how different cultures and societies interact with one another. As warfare became more advanced technologically, the ability to cause more death and devastation increased exponentially. Never was this more evident than at the aftermath of World War Two; with over 60 million people dead in its wake World War Two was the single most deadly military conflict in history. Borne out of this conflict the major victors of the war and world leaders came to the consensus that humanity could not sustain another mass conflict. To prevent another mass global conflict the United Nations was established as the international organization that would be committed to world peace and universal cooperation. Over the years the United Nations has played important role in international relations and diplomacy. Since its establishment the main purpose for the United Nations (U. N. ) has been to diplomatically resolve disagreement between nations before conflicts escalate and to safe guard human rights and dignity globally. Unfortunately, the U. N. has consistently failed to live up to its mandate and will continue to do so because of its blatant failures to prevent genocides, its inability to resolve conflicts and the its dysfunctional structuring that enables the permanent Security Council to dominate the dominate the organization. Following the end of World War II, there was a general consensus around the leaders main victors in the war and other countries that the world could simply not withstand another global conflict and that an effective international body needed to be created to ensure world peace. On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments whose goal was drafting a charter for the United Nations Charter. The Charter way ratified on June 26th 1945 and consolidated the United Nations as the world’s prominent international organization. In light of the central principle of universal human rights that the United Nations advocated, it was determined to draft a document to highlight this aims. At this end the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was conceived. The Declaration of Human Rights in tandem with the United Nations Charter are two of the central documents of the United Nations. Despite its implicit commitment to prevent all forms of Genocide human rights as stated in its mandate; it is generally agreed that the United Nation’s has had a less than admirable record on preventing incidence of genocide and ethnic cleansing. After the war the United Nations made strides in cementing its adopting global human rights protocols and a large part of that was drafting Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, but it has had little success in stopping major acts of genocide since its inception. Two incidences that highlight the United Nations failure to intervene in actions of genocide were the Srebrenica Massacre in Bosnia, and the Rwandan genocide. In 1991 Bosnia had declared its independence from Yugoslavia. Years of conflict followed between Bosnia and the Yugoslavia and Yugoslavia. In 1993 the U. N security council passed a resolution that dictated that the small (Bosnian) town of Srebrenica a safe area and stationed 400 Dutch Peacekeepers there to ensure that no conflict was to occur there. Arms were taken away from the Bosnian troops but the Yugoslavian contingent was still armed and had already mobilized and surrounded Srebrenica. The city was captured by 1995 and the more than 8000 Bosnian Muslims (mostly men) were murdered by Yugoslavian Forces. Scores of Bosnian Muslims evacuated from Srebrenica and were killed in mass executions. In 1999, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan submitted his report on the Fall of Srebrenica. In it, he acknowledged that the international community as a whole had to accept its share of responsibility for its response to the ethnic cleansing campaign that culminated in the murder of some 7,000 unarmed civilians from the town designated by the Security Council as a safe area†. In a statement in 2005 former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan remarked, â€Å"As I wrote in my report in 1999, we made serious errors of judgement, rooted in a philosophy of impartiality and non-violence which, however admirable, was unsuited to the conflict in Bosnia. That is why, as I also wrote, ‘the tragedy of Srebrenica will haunt our history forever. ’†. Former Secretary Annan’s word could not have been further from the truth. For many Bosnians there is still a form of resentment against the U. N for its abandonment of the people of Srebrenica and Bosnia as a whole. Similarly to Srebrenica the United Nations failure to act in a time of danger resulted in the severity of the Rwandan Genocide. The Rwandan Genocide lasted 100 days and resulted in the death of over nearly a million people. In the lead up to the genocide the UN had been monitoring a ceasefire a ceasefire agreement between the Tutsi rebels and the Hutu Rwandan Government in late 1993, the mission was called UNAMIR (United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda). Unknown to many the time elements in the Hutu Rwandan government had been planning mass murders of the Tutsi minority. Once the General Romeo Dallaire, the UN commander of the mission in Rwanda, became aware of this he made numerous attempts to heighten the UN troop strength in Rwanda. On the onset of the genocide he had initial contingent of 2500 peacekeeping under his command and this troops which was later reduced to almost nothing by the Belgium withdrawing its troops from the mission. Dallaire made numerous attempts to strengthen the U. N’s presence in Rwanda but all his requests for help were refuted due the unwillingness of his superiors to interfere in in the conflict and the rigid U. N bureaucracy that prevented attention of the genocide from reaching the top of the U. N hierarchy. General Daillare witnessed the slaughter of countless innocent people and had to live with the fact that he had to power stop this but was prevented from doing so by his superiors in the U. N. In retrospect of his time in Rwanda Dallaire has been quoted saying, â€Å"I spent most of my time fighting the heavy mechanical UN system with all its stupidity†¦ Seeing to the most immediate needs stopped us from seeing what was reserved for us in the future,†. The UN’s roles in these two horrible incidents were wholly indicative of its failure to take an affirmative action in the face of mass murder. Rwanda and Bosnia were two of the worst examples of the UN inaction. Gerard Prunier, a scholar Africa and journalist even defined the UNAMIR mission as, â€Å"the powerless UN ‘military’ force which watched the genocide without being allowed to lift a finger†. Although the United Nations came into these two zones of conflict with good intentions the fact that as an organization it was not ready to assess and adequately handle the realities of each conflict revealed a deep flaw in its peacekeeping strategy. Had the UN taken a side in each of these conflicts and rallied international support for the campaign these crimes against humanity could have been averted. If the U. N does not reform its peacekeeping approach from an â€Å"idealistic† tactic of taking bipartisan approach in future many more incidences of genocide may follow in the future. As mentioned previously, since its establishment in 1945 the U. N has committed itself to pursuing the prevention of war and conflict through dialogue and diplomacy. However, according to the University of Michigans Correlates of War project over 200 hundred armed conflicts have taken place since 1945. The end of World War Two established the emergence the Soviet Union and the United States as rival super powers and ushered in the Cold War. It is general knowledge among historical academia that a fairly large part of these Cold war conflicts were proxy conflicts between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. Consequentially, one can simply surmise that the United Nations did not have the ability to go against the will of what were two of the most powerful nations in the world at the time. In lieu of this it would be much more sensible to examine a much more recent example of the United Nations inability to prevent conflict, the example being The Iraq war. The Iraq War was a conflict that started in 2003 which involved the invasion and occupation of Iraq by the United States with assistance from the United Kingdom, and a coalition of several other countries. The United States claimed that the main rationale for the war was to disarm Iraq of its â€Å"weapons of mass destruction†. The U. N security Councils released multiple resolutions to perform inspections in Iraq to locate the weapons of mass destruction. After UN inspections it was determined that no weapons of mass destruction were found. In response, United States claimed that Iraq had covered up its weapons and proceeded to Invade on without declaring war or any UN approval May 2003. The United Nations inability to intervene in Iraq was another of many failures to stop conflict. Despite the opposition in the U. N the invasion was conducted without United Nations approval and was hence a violation of international law. On the issue of the U. N failure Professor Thomas Cushman writes: â€Å"For the most part critics have focused almost exclusively on the shaky case for pre-emptive war, while at the same time ignoring the failure of the United Nations to uphold its own resolutions or the principles of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. †. The United Nations lack of action in the events leading into Iraq was showed a weakness in principle and its near subservience to the will of powerful nations like the United States. Of the any deficiencies the UN possesses the most disabling is the composition and structure of the organization. The UN consists of five major organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, The Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice and The Secretariat. Of these five the two most important and well known are the General Assembly and the Security Council. The General Assembly is composed representatives of all member states, is the UNs c entral deliberative body, empowered to discuss and make recommendations on any subject falling within the scope of the charter itself. It also approves the UNs budgetary measures and determines—alone or with the Security Council-part of the composition of the other main organs, including the Security Council. The Security Council on the other is the final UN authority on issues of peacekeeping, conflict and human rights issues. It consists of total 15 members, out of which 5 members are permanent and the remaining 10 members are non-permanent. China, France, Russia, UK and USA are the permanent members who were given these positions in 1945. The non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for 2 years from among the member states. Each of the 5 permanent members of the Council holds the ability to veto any measure that they do not support. Any matter supported by the majority of the members fails to be carried through if negative vote is cast by any of -the permanent members. This has drawn criticism in international circles. Other nations protest that it gives power to powerful nations to pursue their own agendas and consolidate their positions of power in the world order. In reference to the veto policy Dr. Patrick Dixon writes â€Å"The current powers of veto are anti-democratic and smack of nineteenth tyranny, held as they are by very few supremely powerful, wealthy nations. †. Dr. Dixon’s analysis rings true primarily because China, France, The United States, The United Kingdom and Russia maintain the status as the most powerful nations on the planet and each country used the veto in past to further their own interests. Despite calls for a change in this policy it is currently apparent that the Security Council will remain the same for the foreseeable future because of the rejection of proposals for it to change. Summarily, it can be believed the United Nations is respected as an international organization and possesses a mandate that is foundational principles of human rights and dignity that are revered by many nations worldwide. Unfortunately, the U. N. has consistently failed to live up to its mandate and will continue to do so because of its blatant failures to prevent genocides, its inability to resolve conflicts and the dysfunctional structure unless reforms are made on the organization as a whole. There are many conflicting ideals about what kinds of reforms need to be made and how reforms would be made.