Organisational Business Practices Essay

Organization is a principle of life. We seek the help of organizations to meet our day to day requirements such as to feeding, clothing, educating entertaining, protecting etc. However, organizations are not contemporary creations. Modern society has more organizations which are fulfilling a larger category of societal and personal needs. Organizations are so encompassing in the modern life that it is sometimes easy to overlook that each may be regarded as an entity with a specific contribution and specific goals. Organization is a system of consciously coordinated activities of two or more persons in order to achieve a common goal. It is a system of four major internal interacting components such as: task, people, technology and structure. Organizations are said to be open systems. A number of metaphors can be used to think and explain about the nature of organization. There are eight archetypical metaphors of organization: Machines, Organisms, Brains, Cultures, Political Systems, Psychic Prisons, Flux and Transformation, Instruments of Domination. General Discussion Document: Director of Marketing is proposing to introduce a new process of sales at Superior Sales Corporation for which there will be changes as per the present set up. Staff are likely to resist the change hence some suggestions are placed to reduce the resistance. Organization Structure: Functional superiority can only be achieved if there is enough reliability and focus within each business unit. Elites are those specialized organizational units with closeness to power and having superior capability. Their functions signify a particular organization’s typical capability. It is, important that more than one such elite function exist. They need to be complementary so as to make sure that they serve as a check on another. Pluralist are those essential forces that play a important role in decision making. The tension that is created amongst these forces stimulates thoughts and lead to self-improvement and competitiveness, Elite functions bring main strengths to an organization, but must assist with the whole to attain shared results. The stronger and more competent the elites are, the more difficult it is to achieve cross-functional teamwork. The organization’s challenge is therefore to ensure that these functions are on a par with that of competition, but at the same time they need to ensure that they respond to market demands by cutting across these functional compartments. Organization Cultures: Organizations are mini-societies that have their own distinctive patterns of culture. Culture is a modern concept used in a social sense to refer broadly to civilization and social system. Its increasing use within the social sciences has led to definitions of varying generality, which develop in a host of ways. Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. There is a growing literature of relevance how organization can be understood as a cultural phenomenon. It is valuable to understand the relationship between culture and industrialization. The greatest strength of this metaphor is that it shows how organizations rests in shared systems of meaning, values, ideologies, beliefs and other social practices that ultimately shape and guide organized action. Reactive and Proactive Changes: Forces for change arise out of an organization’s interaction with elements in its external or internal environment. The action of competitors, suppliers, government units or public groups may have substantial impacts on change. Social and cultural factors such as life styles, values or beliefs also lead to important changes. Forces of change may also arise from within an organization depending upon different phases of growth or demands made by different interest groups. Reactive changes occur when these forces make it necessary for a change to be implemented. Proactive change takes place when some forces to change lead an organization to conclude that a particular change is desirable and goes about in initiating the change in a planned manner. The difference between reactive and proactive changes corresponds to that between reflexive behavior and purposive behavior. Reactive change, like reflexive behavior, involves a limited part of the system whereas proactive change and purposive behavior coordinate the parts of the system as a whole. Organizational change has noted that many participants respond with dogged resistance to altering the status quo. In the industrial phenomenon workers have at times sought, in extremely violent fashion, to block the introduction of new technology. Supervisors and lower level managers have balked at large scale projects in job redesign and job enrichment; even low level employees, the presumed beneficiaries of such projects, have fought such changes. Senior managers have fought pitched battles against realignment of corporate structure. Even the proposal by a course coordinator to adopt a different style of presenting the report is capable of touching off a frenzy of defensive tactics to resist change. Such behavior may be either overt or covert. Overt resistance may take the form of employees deliberately failing to do the things necessary for successful change or simply being unenthusiastic about the change. The absence of overt resistance does not mean that resistance is not present, as resistance may be hidden from direct observation. Covert resistance can be more detrimental to change than open resistance because it is harder to identify and eliminate. There are at least two sets of factors which explain the process of resistance. One set relates to the personality and the other relates to the social system. Decreasing the Resistance: Managers who have been responsible for implementation have developed personal perspective consisting of assumption and strong feelings about how change should be introduced. These philosophies fall into two camps, either tops-down or bottoms-up. The Tops-down Strategy: The advocates of this strategy believe that, in general, people resist changes and require direction and structure for their well being as well as to work efficiently and effectively. The basic psychological contract between employees and management, it is assumed, is one in which the employee provides work, effort and commitment and expects in return pay, benefits, and a clear definition of what is expected to be done. It follows that it is the management’s responsibility to design the changes it deems appropriate and to implement these thoroughly but quickly by directives from the top. The Bottoms-up Strategy The advocates of this approach profess what to them is a more enlightened view of human nature. They argue that people welcome change and the opportunity to contribute to their own productivity, especially if the change gives them more variety in their work and more autonomy. These managers assume people have a psychological contract which includes an expectation that they be involved in designing change as well as in implementing it. Commitment to change, they say, follows from involvement in the total change process and is essential to successful implementation.

Accounting-People Oriented”

Is the hotel service of the highest frequency words in one, but how to understand the â€Å"people-oriented†, and fell at the service Implementation, but not so simple. Four Seasons Hotel prior to the opening trial of business is not facing society, but to face the staff, commissioning a month, the staff try to eat a month, identify problems, stop at any time, In order to ensure the quality of the opening one hundred percent. This Is a people – the guests when the hotel can not be â€Å"Guiana pigs.From this concept, the Four Seasons Hotel is no interns. Employees must be strengthened into the store a series of training to meet the requirements of posts, appointment is a formal work – services must be perfect for guests, not the internship process. A defect In the current hotel is the rooms, restaurants, PA, recreational and other first-line lack of understanding among the various departments, the hotel also provides that employees of various departments can not â€Å"string Kong,† and this will inevitably affect the overall service quality and team spirit.The last of a series of raining is to allow employees to do the day the guests, In addition to free room arrangements, and the other 600 distributed to staff, the staff wear casual consumption in the hotel, dining, fitness, the bar can be, requiring employees to stand in the guest point of the hotel experience, understanding customers. Proceeding to create a high degree of satisfaction with the service, and also from the beginning so that employees of various departments of the hotel have a comprehensive understanding facilitate future communication and coordination among departments.Four Seasons Hotel â€Å"people-oriented† high level of protection is n important embodiment of the guests right to privacy and equal respect for each guest. This Is, in our country, both conceptual Issues, but also the difficulty of the operation, while the Four seasons Hotel In respect of hum an rights Is the undying honor. – To the room, into the elevator key card to be plugged in, it stopped back in the appropriate floor. The hotel public areas without permission will be allowed to take pictures, because many people In public places, even seemingly private photos, but the background may still be related to other people, which have generated the aground of the possible infringement, which is strictly prohibited . If you really need camera can tell you specifically for the hotel arrangements. Each house guests are all equal, even if there is an important guests arrived, the hotel main entrance Is still to be set aside for dally guest channel and out of lanes and not allow sealed. If there is a conflict, the Four Seasons Hotel would rather not take the PIP guests have to absolutely guarantee the normal conditions of service. – Do not allow media access to the lobby guests take photos, such as: David Buckram's â€Å"Posh† wife to Shanghai, the toll cor doned off at the door, the media must not go beyond.The more so, is the absolute guarantee that the store's environmental quality, the guests privacy and freedom of movement. Media sometimes complained, but the principle unswervingly adhere to the Four Seasons Hotel. Personalized Four Seasons service quality is the bigger and more extreme, the cost of large, difficult to have the hotel can afford. SYNC TV united States President to Shanghai, the hotel Immediately contact professional organizations in Shanghai, the purchase of decoders, dedicated to the 1 OFFSYNC line II rooms Witt Conic's channels Ana a Selene well-producer special programs; to the president of Pepsi-cola, the room All put on PepsiCo products; Philips president stayed, the rooms are full of Philips lighting replaced; Toast's chairman, the head of the bed put a label marked with the model of Toyota cars; Samsung Electronics Company President of stay, hotel suites spared no expense to the other brands of high plasma T V removed and replaced by the latest models Samsung products.These benefits not only the boss, that is, a child, but also an equal footing. To store that also brought along a couple of old child, a child of the hotel immediately coupled with bathrobes, slippers and children, balloons and other small toys, extra bed is also consistent with the child's height. It can be said, as long as visitor information, the Four Seasons Hotel are fully in place beforehand.Never use the hotel services, car floor, because the car, then most of the time during the day there are services out of the way the surface floor, guests have to sidle over, rude, tasteless, garbage bags on board the service, not elegant, another odor. At the same mime, there is baggage car floor, but there will be impact phenomena. Each floor of the hotel which had a small linen, the maintenance of daily turnover.Rooms at the Four Seasons hotel, only one printed on both sides â€Å"do not disturb† the morning of the plat e, but not â€Å"come forward to clean† message. Shop CLC said that if there â€Å"dashing clean†, which means that the hotel's commitment to the guests, it is not able to be kept. If the same floor a number of guests 10 rooms, while immediate cleaning is not feasible, and the guests is not to immediately clean up the worry level. Therefore, the hotel prompted guests, as long as the call to immediately clean up, immediately put in place, we must meet.The clean rooms and facilities engineering maintenance rooms must close the door, this is for hotel guests and staff security and privacy considerations. Close the door, the staff will hang outside the card – â€Å"We are cleaning your room. † Room table, covered with high-strength glass, in fact, everyone knows the problem, at home, in the office, all on the table, and the public use of the hotel room table, glass and India produce, and even cigarette butts, there ill be hot scorch , which gives the guests h ave the old sense of being damaged.Covered with glass, to resolve to the problem. Of course, under glass do not go into this kind of written material, a messy desktop, visual, taste is reduced. Of course, the name of such services, such as customers, it is essential. Floor attendant pocket has a piece of paper on which was written the name of this floor guests, guest name to see the greeting guests pay tribute to revered. The world has a different pronunciation of the language features, the hotel guests of different nationalities can best be understood.

Accounting Theory British Petroleum

As per Tagesson (2014), most of the corporation activities affect the biodiversity or the environment either directly or indirectly. Therefore, this report has been prepared in order to study and understand the direct as well as the indirect impacts of a renowned corporation named British Petroleum Limited on the ecology. Thus, here, a case study on British Petroleum Limited has been studied and analyzed in detail in order to find out the issues related with the firm. It has been found that the particular company mainly has three issues. At first, consequence of oil spill on ocean ecosystem, secondly, lack of ecology services for governing risks and thirdly, lack of regulation sketch for noticing the reinstatement cost.   Ã‚   Depending on the provided case of British Petroleum, it has been noticed that the specified company is not capable to measure its reinstatement cost. As a result of this, the company analyzes this cost with respect to monetary terms. In addition, it has been identified that British Petroleum does not provide much significance to the harm it causes to the environment. Besides, the company counts this as products that cannot be marketed. So, British Petroleum should focus on the same and measure the value. It has been found that the government of the nation counts the firm as liable to pay fine as it causes harm to the ecosystem through causing oil spills, though the company does not portray the total damages done by it clearly (Ball 2016). As a result, the chief intention of preparing this report is to alert the firm British Petroleum regarding the spoils done by it to the environment.    The report mainly deals with the collection of data from both secondary and primary resources, so both primary and secondary as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis will be performed. Telephonic or face-to-face interview (qualitative analysis) and questionnaire survey (quantitative analysis) will be performed here. The secondary resources include – websites, articles and scientific journals. In order to collect accurate and authentic information, researcher will gather data from the inhabitants of Gulf Coast where oil spills occurred and employees of the company through survey. Nonetheless, both the staffs and the inhabitants of the region might falter to answer the researcher to the survey questions due to the nature of the research (Guthrie and Parker 2014). Oil spills are a type of pollution and thus all the firms of the petroleum sector should remain alert about this. However, British Petroleum does not portray the damages it done to the environment through oil spills. Moreover, the firm is found to cause more incidental oil spills than accidental oil spills. The later pattern of spill occurs accidentally and thus it is named so, but the former kind occurs due to the carelessness, negligence and ignorance of the employees and management of British Petroleum. Both the types of oil spills affect the ocean ecosystem (environment) directly and this has leaded to increase in mortality rate in marine ecosystem. Therefore, the company should pay the cleanup amount and fine charged by the government, but BP Limited aims to cover all the damages done by it to the ecological wealth (Dull, Schleifer and McMillan 2015). It has been found that ecological damage measurement as well as detection is very difficult, so the corporation measures it with respect to monetary value.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The stakeholders of British Petroleum fully trust on the corporation regarding its moral standards and ethical standards, so it should put steps forward for betterment of the ecological and social wealth (Henderson et al. 2015). Furthermore, British Petroleum should follow all the accounting standards of the environment for making it a trustworthy organization for the stakeholders. These standards will assist the corporation to widen a strong relationship between the organization, environment and ecosystem.   Ã‚   It is a common factor that most of the organizations of oil and petroleum industry break their penalty or fines by the application of political bargaining. However, the application of the political bargaining approach does not help the firm to recover all the damages done by it to the ecosystem. Thus, the organization British Petroleum should imply any process-adjusted structure in order to resolve all the risks associated with its operations. Moreover, it can be said that this particular process is considered as the required one for each firm of the particular sector. It has been found that the â€Å"accidental oil spills† generally arise due to collide of autocratic action as this results into featured accounts (Molisa 2014). The unveiled data of a firm is very important for the management department as it helps in estimating the endeavor point for reinstatement cost. Therefore, lack of regulation sketch might affect the corporation negatively, especially in the process of i dentifying reinstatement cost, so the mentioned approach is important for every organization of the oil and petroleum sector. In this research work, the researcher will implement primary research process as well as secondary research method. Thus, from both the primary and secondary resources, the researcher will gather data for better analysis. Thus, the researcher will target the people who live in Gulf Coast and the workers of BP Limited for performing questionnaire survey. In addition, secondary data will be gathered from the secondary sources (like – websites, journals and articles).    The researcher will collect information from a fixed sample size of 50 employees and 150 residents of Gulf Coast and this sample will be selected randomly. The selection of the samples can be done through various techniques, however, in this work, â€Å"Probability Sampling Technique† will be used. There are various kinds of oil spills that generally take place due to the activity of the organization British Petroleum and the percentages of occurring various kinds are shown below: Figure 1: Various patterns of Oil Spills and Their Occurrence Percentage In addition to this, it has been found that due to increased percentage of occurrence of oil spills, the mortality rate of the marine ecosystem has also been increased noticeably. It has been found that the oil spills majorly affect the ocean ecosystem as various kinds of spills take place on a short interval of time. These are: As per the data collected from Gulf, it has been came to know that the oil spills chiefly affect the ocean ecosystem, deepwater but it also affect the other parts of the environment. With the passage of time, the demand as well as the supply of the oil increased, but the workforce, numbers of staffs and contractors started to decrease as the occurrence of oil spills of the firm started to increase. Moreover, the information regarding the budget of Deepwater Horizon has been collected from the organization’s employees and it can be enhanced through the following chart: Figure 4: Financial Plan of Deepwater Horizon On the other hand, the reinstatement cost can be better explained through the following pie chart: Figure 5: Lack of Regulation Sketch Here, genuine information has been collected from both the kinds of resources (secondary and primary) and the participants of research survey can keep trust on the researcher of the project as the gathered data will not be unveiled. It can be concluded that British Petroleum should keep notice on the damages done by it the environment and should implement the accounting standards of environment. Moreover, fines paid by the firm to the government are not enough for improving the harm cause to the ecology. Baker, C.R. and Burlaud, A., 2015. The historical evolution from accounting theory to conceptual framework in financial standards setting.  The CPA Journal,  85(8), p.54. Ball, R., 2016. Why We Do International Accounting Research.  Journal of International Accounting Research,  15(2), pp.1-6. Bp.com. 2017.  Bp.com. [online] Available at: https://www.bp.com [Accessed 18 Jan. 2017]. Deegan, C., 2013.  Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dull, R.B., Schleifer, L.L. and McMillan, J.J., 2015. Achievement goal theory: the relationship of accounting students’ goal orientations with self-efficacy, anxiety, and achievement.  Accounting Education,  24(2), pp.152-174. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: Theory and practice.  JPAEJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3, p.441. Guthrie, J. and D. Parker, L., 2014. The global accounting academic: what counts!.  Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal,  27(1), pp.2-14. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.  Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Molisa, P.B.M., 2014. Accounting for apocalypse: Re-thinking social accounting theory and practice for our time of social crises and ecological collapse. Tagesson, T., 2014. Accounting reforms, standard setting and compliance.  Public sector accounting, pp.8-22.

The task is to produce a report on Google and Yahoo, comparing both Essay

The task is to produce a report on Google and Yahoo, comparing both companies in relation - Essay Example It has been apparently observed that the aspects like organisational structure, design along with culture plays a decisive part on developing the financial position of the organisations at large. In this regard, different structures, cultures as well as designs have been viewed to prevail in diverse organizations. For instance, the government proves to be beneficial for the society, the cooperative businesses for the members comprising the cooperative society and finally the organization for the owners. A particular organisation generally comprises of different cultured employees. As a result, their beliefs, manners and values differ from others within the organizations. Hence, culture plays a vital part in the development of the organizations at large. The structure of any organization directly affects its employees, stakeholders and the suppliers in terms of better utilization of the accessible resources assisting the organization towards achieving growth and success. The organizat ion broadly prioritises the aforementioned significant aspects for the purpose of accomplishing their predetermined business targets (Foss, 2012). Google Inc. was invented in the year 1995 and was acknowledged as ‘Backrub’ in the beginning. Serge Brin and Larry Page are the founders of Google. It is the first major IT Company that has attained ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 certification that depict enhanced standard for workforce safety and environmental issues. Recently, a new product of the company named Google Earth 6.2 has supported it towards accomplishing organisational success. Larry Page is the Chief Executive Director (CEO) of the company. He is a computer scientist and is mainly focusing upon applying pioneering technological advancements with the intention of developing its broad assortment of products and complying with the requirements of the customers. A few advanced products of Google are Android, Nexus7 Tablet and Google Play among others (Foss, 2012). The s earch market share of the company reached at the level of 65.6 percent in the year 2012 (Incisive Interactive Marketing LLC., 2013). On the other hand, Yahoo Inc. is regarded as an American based multinational business corporation that is broadly acknowledged throughout the globe mainly for its dynamic web portal and useful search engines. The company focuses upon facilitating the end users to be entertained by updating them with latest news and entertainment updates. Jerry Yang & David Filo are the founders of the company. It was established in the year 1994. Presently, Marissa Mayer is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the company. The different products or services of Yahoo include Yahoo Finance, Yahoo Mail and online mapping among others (Foss, 2012). The search market share of the company has been viewed to be 14.1 percent in the year 2012 (Incisive Interactive Marketing LLC., 2013).This study will help in contrasting the two companies on the context of organizational struct ure as well as design and culture (Willcoxson & et. al., 2000). Organisational

U.S. Military Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

U.S. Military - Term Paper Example However, on joining military, I realized that instead of the deontological point of view I possessed in ethics, the military ethics is more easily explained in the light of teleology and utilitarianism. Admittedly, before joining military and even now I love to adopt the Deontological point of view in ethics. I was of the opinion that the rightness of an action is assessed by the goodness in the action itself; not in the consequences. However, on reaching the military career, I faced a dilemma as I felt, in the first glance, that my own ethical principles would be in sharp contradiction with the basic military ethics. According to Toner (2003), military ethics is rooted in three Os: owing, ordering, and oughting. A look into the concept of owing made me at first feel that if I owe to my comrades, my chain of command, and my nation, I will have to remove integrity from my ethical repertoire. This happened because according to my notions, integrity meant being faithful to ones own conv ictions. So, I reached the conclusion that while totally owing to the chain of command, one will not be able to be loyal to ones own judgments. However, as I probed further into the issue, I made the realization that army life is ‘selfless service’ where there is no ‘me-ism’ or ‘egotism’. This owing in military life is the result of knowing what one is doing and why it is being done. As Sonnenberg (1985) states, in military, ones integrity lies in the fact that one recognizes ones responsibility and obligation towards ones duty by understanding ones moral indebtedness towards those who have given one life and learning. There I made the realization that integrity is also about knowing the ethical basis of ones own actions. Integrity, in military sense, means acting with honor, performing duties with impartiality, and most importantly, avoiding conflicts of interest. The second important foundation of ethics in military is ordering. Admittedly, t his too created a lot of issues in the beginning as I found it contradictory to my own concept of liberty. However, later on I realized that in military, order is not directing subordinates what to do, but is the moral structuring and ethical priorities. The last point that deserves consideration is ‘oughting’. That means making one responsible for ones action. In fact, I always consider this personal responsibility as one among the most important ethical principles a person should possess. One naturally develops the doubt that when one is supposed to obey what directions come from the chain of command, how it is possible to be certain about the outcome of that action. Admittedly, for a soldier in the warfront, it is impossible to think a long time about the implications of following a direction before reaching an ethical judgment. So, it is reasonably justifiable if one claims that one cannot hold personal responsibility for ones actions in military. The best possible way to solve the confusion at this juncture is to bring forth the next important concept, that is, faith. In fact, I strongly believe in the ethical principle of faith. It is this mutual faith that keeps families, social organizations, governments, and even military together. One can say that faith in military is very vital, and in fact, a closer look will prove that just like a soldier’s faith in his nation’s and superior’s decisions, the whole nation and the superiors have faith in the soldier too. To illustrate, every military person is entrusted with a lot of arm

American Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Politics - Essay Example A special attention is paid to the main role of mass media played in the formation of public opinion. In the process of election public opinion plays one of the most important roles. Officials to be elected should develop their electoral policies in accordance with shifted accents of basic public demands concerning the size of the government. For example, public policy may exert influence on development of liberal principles or democratic policies. Government responds to the needs shaped by the public opinion, because public opinion plays an important role in further development of policies (Jones, McDemott, 2009). Citizens have their strong beliefs that the Congress chosen by them would fulfill their needs and demands. Moreover, public opinion is investigated by sociologists and many other researchers in order to evaluate the needs of the citizens and make an analysis of further policies development. In terms of democracy, governmental responsiveness to public opinion is one of the basic pillars. On the other hand, if public opinion establishes broad parameters for the country’s policies and the policy entrepreneurs have a chance to develop their policies in a broader context. Governmental policies can be developed in broader terms and there is a need to respond to the set parameters of public opinion concerning liberal and democratic views and their reflection in the policies of the government. Further on, it is possible that public views are developed in a serious contradiction and key policy issues may not coincide with the public opinion. Question 2 Political parties and interest group are representatives of democratic process Under conditions of democratic processes of the country, it is evident that public opinion is reflected via different organizations and forms of public opinions. For example, interest groups are formed by the people, united by the common goal and they want to influence the formation of the governmental policies. Interest group s in America are established on the basis of their economic concerns, occupational needs or ideological beliefs or principles. These groups may be religious, ethnic or any other and may have membership in different social or economic groupings. People, who were frustrated by governmental policies, such as blacks, women, Native Americans and the economic underdogs have organized themselves in different movements (Jones, McDemott, 2009). They have their greatest power, because they reflect diverse interests and opinions and much more concerned about various beliefs and social concerns. Political parties are also important for governmental policy development as the instruments of policies formation. The role of political parties is very essential. These parties simplify voting choices and are responsible for competition organization, for electorate unifying and bridging the gap of powers separation. Voting choices are easily structured with the help of political parties and they nomina te a candidate for choosing him in the process of elections. Therefore, the function of political parties is much more integrative and in-depth strategies are taken by the political parties. Moreover, it should be noted that degree of effectiveness of interest groups and political parties is different. Interest groups are more specific and their representation and political influence is more limited than the influence of political par

International Intellectual Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Intellectual Property Law - Essay Example One is that emerging countries might not have the same technology as advanced countries, and need to copy advanced companies to innovate. This is an issue that is addressed below. However, the bulk of this article will deal with copyrights, especially with regards to British Law regarding the same. Intellectual property rights have become one of the buzzwords surrounding globalization. Globalization may be defined as â€Å"an extent of internationalisation at a level where boundaries are blurred or appear close, where networks and solidarities are communicating, [and] where interdependencies are increasing.†1 On a technological basis, modern globalization is dependent upon the structures for communication, transportation, computation and enforcement interlocking.2 Globalization has reached many sectors, including intellectual property, financial services, money capital, goods and financial instruments.3 There are obvious positive aspects of globalization, and negative ones as well, as globalization leads to clashes, prejudices, tension and cultural misunderstandings such as those seen on 9/11, and the Bali, Madrid and London bombings.4 Intellectual property is one of the core businesses in the World Trade Organisation (WTO), in which one of the WTOs founding element with regards to intellectual property is the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.5 The TRIPS Agreement, in a nutshell, establishes a global harmonisation of protection for Intellectual Property and enforcement, as well as created international standards regarding patent, copyright, trademark and design protections.6 The existing regimes of the United States, Europe and Japan with regards to intellectual property were largely the same, so their laws did not need as much harmonising. However, there were some areas that were a problem, as far as different countries having different rules, and they were â€Å"first to invent systems, scope of

Why we should buy American made vehicles over foreign vehicles Essay

Why we should buy American made vehicles over foreign vehicles - Essay Example 274). Many people refer globalization as Americanization rather than anything else. In their opinion, the concept of globalization was introduced by America and other capitalist countries to loot the wealth of other countries. However, recent statistics show that America failed to exploit the opportunities presented by globalization whereas China and India like countries were successful in exploiting it. Recent recession affected America more than any other country in the world. In short, globalization brought more harm than good to the Americans. Automotive industry is one business area in which globalization brought revolutionary changes. Even though America is one of the major car manufacturing countries in the world, majority of the Americans purchase foreign cars such as Mercedes Benz, BMW, Toyota, Honda, Nissan etc. The demand for American cars in American market is less compared to that for foreign cars. Huge American automobile manufacturing companies, such as General Motors, are struggling to survive in the car market at present. It should be noted that plenty of American car manufacturers have already reduced their number of employees and car production because of weaker demand. In short, globalization and subsequent developments in the business circles are causing huge problems to Americans now. American economy is struggling at present. Under the above circumstances, it is the duty of every American to give a helping hand to the revitalization of American economy. Purchasing of American made products is one way of helping American economic growth. This paper analyses the reasons why we should buy American made vehicles over foreign vehicles. According to Mark Karlin (2012), â€Å"The auto industry has a long history of providing sound jobs and contributing to economic prosperity in the U.S. Now it’s time for consumers to give back by choosing domestic cars

MPH502 - Introduction to Public Health Module 1 - Case Essay

MPH502 - Introduction to Public Health Module 1 - Case - Essay Example d consequences on public whereas, personal health weighs the consequences and significance of health activities and effects of interventions as they impact an individual’s life and health conditions. The health awareness programs are of great significance for public health stability. The health interventions and awareness programs are making life of people healthier and better since knowledge about disease and epidemics empower them to abstain from health risking habits and attitudes. The awareness programs further work and benefit for a longer time period as the knowledge once gain profits people for an extensive time period. The information, education and awareness about health issues is being publicized by a number of programs including Safe and drug-free School programs, Let’s Move (obesity awareness program), Sex and HIV educational programs and so on. These programs help people realize the impact of certain dietary, intake and routine habits on their health and life. The information about the devastating effects of certain activities, stop them from repeating such habits and enable them to adopt healthier life style. Hence educational and awareness programs are of g reat importance in controlling and stabilizing the public health. The greatest reduction in morbidity and mortality is resulted as a decline in deaths from coronary disease. The reduction in coronary disease is accompanied by a reduced smoking population, a decline in blood pressure levels, improved medical care facilities and better dietary habits. Reduced smoking, better dietary habits and enhanced health care facilities did not only reduce the mortality rate by coronary disease but have also helped in stabilizing the worsening health conditions of public. However, alcoholism, obesity and stress are increasing the risk of coronary disease (AHA). Increasing trend of fast food, unavailability of healthy food and increasing stress level due to competition in the society and industry lead to

Creating a Memo and Annotated Bibliography for a research topic Paper

Creating a Memo and Annotated Bibliography for a topic - Research Paper Example There are both benefits and drawbacks to working at home. First of all, let us list some benefits. There is no commute, individuals can spend more time with family and friends, schedules tend to be more flexible allowing employees to do things such as run errands and go to doctor appointments on a much easier basis, the pay is often higher, one does not have to dress up to go to work, the work can often be completed in a fraction of the time with the same or more amount of pay, and employees can often take breaks at their leisure. However, there are some drawbacks to working at home. First of all, it can be harmful socially. A person may have a hard time making friends, networking, or become easily bored working and living in the same location. Oftentimes, working at home means buying extra equipment that will need to be used during the course of employment. It is often hard to distinguish your superiors from your co-workers and communication throughout the company may be hindered. P aydays and other appointments tend to be less reliable. Important dates and appointments may be put at risk because of communication problems and the lack of knowing who to go to for what. A person can find him- or herself working all hours of the day and night because of the much-needed breaks, and there is a lack of personal relationships and contacts. Perhaps worse of all, there are many â€Å"employers† out there who set up scams to recruit at-home workers and end up ripping them off. The main point here is that you have to know what to look for. There are legitimate sites out there dedicated to sifting through all of the work-at-home â€Å"job offers† and only pulling back the ones that they, in their best opinion, feel to be legitimate. Two good sources for these are www.wahm.com and www.craigslist.com. Both of these sites tend to list legitimate sources of work-at-home employment rather than scams. You still have to be careful, though.

National General Certificate syllabus Essay Example for Free

National General Certificate syllabus Essay Syllabus summary – National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety January 2013 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Structure The syllabus is divided into 3 units. Unit NGC1 is further divided into five elements and Unit GC2 into eight elements. Unit NGC1: Management of health and safety Element Number Element Title Recommended hours Page 1 Foundations in health and safety 6 4 2 Health and safety management systems Policy 4 4 3 Health and safety management systems Organising 6 5 4 Health and safety management systems – Planning 11 5 5 Health and safety management systems Measuring, audit and review 9 6 Minimum unit tuition time 36 Recommended private study time 23  © NEBOSH 2013 1 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit GC2: Control of workplace hazards Element Number Element Title Recommended hours Page 1 Workplace hazards and risk control 8 7 2 Transport hazards and risk control 4 7 3 Musculoskeletal hazards and risk control 6 8 4 Work equipment hazards and risk control 6 8 5 Electrical safety 3 9 6 Fire safety 6 9 7 Chemical and biological health hazards and risk control 6 10 8 Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control 3 10 Minimum unit tuition time 42 Recommended private study time 26  © NEBOSH 2013 2 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit GC3: Health and safety practical application Recommended Hours Page Health and safety practical application 2 11 Minimum unit tuition time 2 Recommended private study time 4 Minimum total tuition time 80 Recommended total private study time 53 Total overall hours 133 Element Number 1 Element Title  © NEBOSH 2013 3 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit NGC1: Management of health and safety Element 1: Foundations in health and safety Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the scope and nature of occupational health and safety ï‚ · Explain the moral, social and economic reasons for maintaining and promoting good standards of health and safety in the workplace ï‚ · Explain the role of national governments and international bodies in formulating a framework for the regulation of health and safety. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours Element 2: Health and safety management systems 1 Policy Learning Outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the key elements of a health and safety management system ï‚ · Explain the purpose and importance of setting policy for health and safety ï‚ · Describe the key features and appropriate content of an effective health and safety policy. Recommended tuition time not less than 4 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 4 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Element 3: Health and safety management systems 2 Organising Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the health and safety roles and responsibilities of employers, managers, supervisors, workers and other relevant parties ï‚ · Explain the concept of health and safety culture and its significance in the management of health and safety in an organisation ï‚ · Outline the human factors which influence behaviour at work in a way that can affect health and safety ï‚ · Explain how health and safety behaviour at work can be improved ï‚ · Outline the need for emergency procedures and the arrangements for contacting emergency services. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours Element 4: Health and safety management systems 3 Planning Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Explain the importance of planning in the context of health and safety management systems ï‚ · Explain the principles and practice of risk assessment ï‚ · Explain the general principles of control and a basic hierarchy of risk reduction measures ï‚ · Identify the key sources of health and safety information ï‚ · Explain what factors should be considered when developing and implementing a safe system of work for general activities ï‚ · Explain the role and function of a permit-to-work system. Recommended tuition time not less than 11 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 5 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Element 5: Health and safety management systems 4 Measuring, audit and review Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the principles, purpose and role of active and reactive monitoring ï‚ · Explain the purpose of, and procedures, for health and safety auditing ï‚ · Explain the purpose of, and procedures for, investigating incidents (accidents, cases of work-related ill-health and other occurrences) ï‚ · Describe the legal and organisational requirements for recording and reporting incidents ï‚ · Explain the purpose of, and procedures for, regular reviews of health and safety performance. Recommended tuition time not less than 9 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 6 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit GC2: Element 1: Control of international workplace risks Workplace hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline common health, welfare and work environment requirements in the workplace ï‚ · Explain the risk factors and appropriate controls for violence at work ï‚ · Explain the effects of substance misuse on health and safety at work and control measures to reduce such risks ï‚ · Explain the hazards and control measures for the safe movement of people in the workplace ï‚ · Explain the hazards and control measures for safe working at height ï‚ · Outline the hazards and control measures for temporary works. Recommended tuition time not less than 8 hours Element 2: Transport hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Explain the hazards and control measures for the safe movement of vehicles in the workplace ï‚ · Outline the factors associated with driving at work that increases the risk of an incident and the control measures to reduce work-related driving risks. Recommended tuition time not less than 4 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 7 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Element 3: Musculoskeletal hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Explain work processes and practices that may give rise to work-related upper limb disorders and appropriate control measures ï‚ · Explain the hazards and control measures which should be considered when assessing risks from manual handling activities ï‚ · Explain the hazards and controls to reduce the risk in the use of lifting and moving equipment with specific reference to manually-operated load moving equipment ï‚ · Explain the hazards and the precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the use of lifting and moving equipment with specific reference to powered load handling equipment. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours Element 4: Work equipment hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline general requirements for work equipment ï‚ · Explain the hazards and controls for hand-held tools ï‚ · Describe the main mechanical and non-mechanical hazards of machinery ï‚ · Explain the main control methods for reducing risk from machinery hazards. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 8 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Element 5: Electrical hazards and control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the principles, hazards and risks associated with the use of electricity in the workplace ï‚ · Outline the control measures that should be taken when working with electrical systems or using electrical equipment in all normal workplace conditions. Recommended tuition time not less than 3 hours Element 6: Fire hazards and control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Describe the principles of fire initiation, classification and spread ï‚ · Outline the principles of fire risk assessment ï‚ · Describe the basic principles of fire prevention and the prevention of fire spread in buildings ï‚ · Outline the appropriate fire alarm system and fire-fighting arrangements for a simple workplace ï‚ · Outline the factors which should be considered when implementing a successful evacuation of a workplace in the event of a fire. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 9 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Element 7: Chemical and biological health hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the forms of, the classification of, and health risks from exposure to hazardous substances ï‚ · Explain the factors to be considered when undertaking an assessment of the health risks from substances commonly encountered in the workplace ï‚ · Describe the use and limitations of occupational exposure limits including the purpose of long term and short term exposure limits ï‚ · Outline control measures that should be used to reduce the risk of ill-health from exposure to hazardous substances ï‚ · Outline the hazards, risks and controls associated with specific agents ï‚ · Outline the basic requirements related to the safe handling and storage of waste. Recommended tuition time not less than 6 hours Element 8: Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Learning outcomes On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to: ï‚ · Outline the health effects associated with exposure to noise and appropriate control measures ï‚ · Outline the health effects associated with exposure to vibration and appropriate control measures ï‚ · Outline the principal health effects associated with ionising and non-ionising radiation and basic protection techniques ï‚ · Outline the meaning, causes and effects of work-related stress and appropriate control actions. Recommended tuition time not less than 3 hours  © NEBOSH 2013 10 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit GC3: Health and safety practical application Learning outcomes ï‚ · Demonstrate the ability to apply knowledge of the unit NGC1 and GC2 syllabus, by successful completion of a health and safety inspection of a workplace ï‚ · Complete a report to management regarding the inspection with recommendations. Content This unit contains no additional syllabus content. However, completion of study for unit NGC1 and GC2 is recommended in order to undertake the practical application unit GC3. Link to examination unit(s) Unit GC3 is not normally offered independently of the taught elements. Students will normally be required to complete the GC3 assessment within 10 working days (before or after) of sitting the examination for Units NGC1 and/or GC2.  © NEBOSH 2013 11 Syllabus summary NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety (January 2013 specification) Unit Assessment Units NGC1 and GC2 are taught units each assessed by one two-hour written examination. Each examination consists of ten ‘short-answer’ questions and one ‘long-answer’ question. All questions are compulsory. Candidate scripts are marked by external examiners appointed by NEBOSH. Unit GC3 is assessed by a practical assessment; the time to complete the assessment is not restricted but candidates should aim to complete the inspection and the report within two hours. This is held on a date set by the course provider and must be taken within 10 working days of a written examination. The practical assessment is internally assessed by the course provider and externally moderated by NEBOSH. Further details The full syllabus and further information regarding the practical unit is available in the NEBOSH Guide to the qualification available for purchase via the NEBOSH website (www.nebosh.org.uk). NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety Version: 1 Specification date: January 2013 Syllabus summary publication date: September 2013 The National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health (NEBOSH), Dominus Way, Meridian Business Park, Leicester LE19 1QW. Registered Charity Number: 1010444 Telephone: Fax: Email: Website: +44 (0) 116 263 4700 +44 (0) 116 282 4000 [emailprotected] www.nebosh.org.uk NGC SS180913  © NEBOSH 2013 12

Organization Development Essay Example for Free

Organization Development Essay Organization Development is a type of strategy wherein the underlying goals and principles is to increase the effectiveness of a certain company or organization, so that it will be able to compete with other companies, regarding its performance and outputs. It is through carefully planned moves and actions that these goals are met, since attaining it requires careful planning and mastery. This is usually through the efforts of the head or the leader of the organization. It is a totality of the organization’s policies and procedures in order to attain a certain goal. Organization Development is a planned action since it looks at it and deals with it as a long range approach so as to improve the organizations turnouts; its outputs and performances. It is considered to be organization-wide since it focuses on the total system. It is also a system that is managed and taken-care of from the top, from the heads of the organization, wherein it is being modeled properly so that it will achieve its long term goals. Ownership from workers of the organization could also be a buy-in. The effectiveness and the health of the organization are also being considered by Organization Development because it is its main goal, to achieve an improvement, something concrete wherein they could base their performances in the future. It is also about planned interventions, wherein Organization Development calls for the interference and involvement of the people so that it could achieve permanent changes in the whole aspect of the organization. Also, Organization Development uses or utilizes the concept of behavioral-science knowledge, wherein it combines research and experience so that it will understand or take the view of the people themselves in the case of business systems, and other interactions. The article by Padraig Healy shows how Organization Development was applied in the Public Sector, considering the various important approaches so that it will be successful. One is the performance of the workers, wherein most of the employed people are the natives of their place, wherein the quality of work done is substandard. In order to solve this problem, rigorous training has been done in order to improve the quality of work, thus increasing the outputs and the level of performance from the workers. In this part, training is considered to be a series of events, wherein it includes various workshops, seminars and study visits. It is comparably different than just adjusting the knowledge and skills of the employees in order to meet the demands of the organization, since it is a change being observed in a time bound manner. Training people is an investment that would really require time and money, and it is obviously a luxury that most developed countries could achieve. The theory and practice of development is not necessarily rooted to the concept of development studies, as well as the practice of development itself. Considering the local situation, the organization development done in the public sector is basically a show of their approach on the problems of development itself, may be a product of rigorous planning and visualizing of the situation. There is also a need for CEOs of councils that will be able to own problems and their causes, since the organization they grew up to was associated with weak organizational systems, wherein the CEOs are expected to manage. There is also an increasing need to have key policy makers and heads that will be able to reexamine the important roles at play, wherein it is usually at the district level. The concept of change is given great importance, emphasizing it all throughout the organization. Organization Development is very important at the public sector level because it deals with various concerns, including human resources, changing the nature of the workplace, global markets and the accelerated rate of change. In the aspect of human resources, we take in consideration the most important player in the organization, the people who does the work. They are seen to be a large fraction of the costs of doing business, wherein they may spell success or failure for the organization. The last consideration would be the accelerated rate of change, wherein we are taking an approach that embraces open systems. Through this approach, we are able to identify certain competitions, local or international, competing for human resource or the people, capital, physical resources and information. The weakness shown by the Organization Development is the concern about short term effectiveness. The real effect or outcome of Organization Development is evident especially during a longer period of time, and if it is done in a shorter period of time, the results would probably not be good. But for long-term organizations, Organization Development is really essential. With time as the capital, it is a good investment so that you could achieve the success that the organization aims for. Conclusion This article is essential in the field of Organization Development because it showed the various factors that are at play in the organization and how it really affects it. Organization Development is not a simple term that requires the training of leaders, the careful planning of things, the setting of goals, and other concepts that usually come in our minds. It is the interplay of all the factors that play a role in running an organization. It is a totality of all the efforts that is exerted starting from the working groups, to division heads, to the organization leaders. What is Organizational Development? When we talk about Organizational Development, we are pertaining to a course of action done to a certain organization or work group so that it will be able to attain a certain level of effectiveness, so as increasing its efficiency as well. Organizational Development pertains to the careful planning and management of the organization, thus requiring the expertise and experience of a good leader, a head that will elicit change for the good of the group. It is also a well planned course of action, wherein every aspect necessary for the development is being thought of, to the extent that every problem that could be encountered is solved before it even arises. It is all done to promote the health and success of the organization, and to solve the current problems it is and will be facing in this globally competitive world. This entails investing on things that could lead to an increase in the effectiveness and productivity of the organization and that includes good leaders, expert workers, and good working conditions. That is why it is considered to be a concerted effort not only from the leaders, but also from the workers. It is a totality of the organizations effort in order to attain excellence. The Case of Petroleum Development Oman. Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is considered to be the biggest oil explorer and producer in Oman. It is a national company that has the biggest share in the country’s oil production, accounting to about 90% of Oman’s crude oil and almost all of the country’s natural gas supply. PDO can be considered as a large organization, wherein other companies share in its interests, not only the country of Oman. But analyzing the situation, could we see clearly whether Organization Development is being applied in the case of a multinational company like Petroleum Development Oman? Looking closely at what Organization Development has to offer to PDO, the notion of an organization is said to be a conglomeration of efforts from two or more people which are working together towards a common goal, and that is usually the issue of productivity and effectiveness. On the other hand, development is said to be the actual goal of the organization, and that is moving towards being effective as the time goes by and meeting all the goals that you have set. It is a set course towards the increase in productivity, efficiency and improved quality of products or services that the company or organization offers. On the Case of Petroleum Development Oman, it is managed and owned by separate entities which include the Government of Oman, having a 60% share of interest, Royal Dutch Shell which has a 34% interest, Total, who poses a 4% share of interest and Partex who has a 2% interest. Because of this, the leadership and management is not fully unified, so as to say that this factor poses an important effect in the case of PDO’s Organization Development. First off, Organization Development could help in the renewal process that PDO could encounter when it focuses on the efficiency and collaboration of the administration. When we talk about efficiency, it is undeniable that many organizations lack on this aspect and they just supplement this deficiency with a large number of the working force, thus putting strength in numbers. Culture also plays a role in this set-up, where work teams could work efficiently if they are under a certain condition of the people that will be in the work group. This is where OD comes into the scene. Leadership When it comes to the concept of leadership, the case of Petroleum Development Oman doesn’t seem any different as compared to that of other multinational organizations. PDO is headed by various leaders, since there are a lot of people holding a spot in the organization. The big part of the company is held by the government and other organizations hold the other remaining parts. These leaders dictate that will run the organization will run. Unified or not, they are still the ones that handle the business, since they have the power to cease supplying a large part of the country. The transformation of the country depends on how these leaders would go about with their tasks in hand. There are a lot of changes that an organization undergoes, especially for the bank owners who are particular with what they are getting into. Major organizational change occurs, for example, wherein an organization changes its general strategy for achievement, adds or deletes a major section or practice, and/or wants to transform the very nature by wherein it operates. It also occurs when an organization advances through various life cycles, just like people must successfully evolve through life cycles. For organizations to develop, they often must undergo important major changes at certain varying points in their development. Thats why the topic of organizational change and development has become widespread in communications about business, organizations, leadership and management. Leaders, managers, and company heads, the people who has control of the establishment itself, continually make labors to achieve successful and noteworthy change its inherent in their jobs. Some are very good at this aspect, wherein they excel at almost any aspect of leadership, while others continually resist and fail. There are many schools with educational programs about organizations, business, leadership and management, schools which train hard these budding personalities with leadership qualities. Unfortunately, there still are not sufficient schools with programs about how to investigate groups, identify critically important priorities to address (such as systemic troubles or thrilling visions for amendments) and then embark on successful and noteworthy change to address those priorities. To really get a grasp of what organizational change is and start guiding thriving change efforts, the change mediator should have at least a wide acceptance and understanding of the context of the change effort. This includes understanding the basic systems and structures in organizations, including their typical terms and roles. This requirement applies to the understanding of leadership and management of the organizations, as well. The following links (broadly reviewed in the following order) might be helpful to establish some sense about organizations, and their leadership and management. Organizational change should not be conducted for the sake of change. Organizational change efforts should be geared to improve the performance of organizations and the people in those organizations. Therefore, its useful to have some understanding of what is meant by performance and the various methods to manage performance in organizations. The past few decades have seen an explosion in the number of very useful tools to help change agents to effectively explore, understand and communicate about organizations, as well as to guide successful change in those organizations. Tools from systems theory and systems thinking especially are a major breakthrough. Even if the change agent is not an expert about systems theory and thinking, even a basic understanding can cultivate an entire new way of working. Nowadays, with the complex challenges faced by organizations and the broad diversity of values, perspectives and opinions among the members of those organizations, its vital that change agents work from a strong set of principles to ensure they operate in a highly effective and ethical manner. There are different overall types of organizational change, including planned versus unplanned, organization-wide versus change primarily to one part of the organization, incremental (slow, gradual change) versus transformational (radical, fundamental), etc.. Knowing which types of change you are doing helps all participants to retain scope and perspective during the many complexities and frequent frustrations during change. Group Collaboration A typical planned, systemic (and systematic) organizational development process often follows an overall action research approach (as described below). Note that the more collaborative you are in working with members of the organization during the following process, the more likely the success of your overall change effort. Clarifying Expectations and Roles for Change Process This phase is sometimes called the Contracting and/or Entry phase. This phase is usually where the relationship between you (the initial change agent) and your client starts, whether you are an external or internal consultant. Experts assert that this phase is one of the most if not the most important phases in the organizational change process. Activities during this stage form the foundation for successful organizational change. Joint Discovery to Identify Priorities for Change The more collaborative the change agent is in working with members of the clients organization, the more likely that the change effort will be successful. Whether you are an external or internal change agent in this project, you and your client will work together during this phase to understand more about the overall priority of the change effort and how you all can effectively address it. It might be a major problem in the organization or an exciting vision to achieve. Other times, the effort is more extensive, for example, evaluating an entire organization and developing a complete plan for change. The nature of discovery also depends on the philosophy of the change agent and client. For example, subscribers to the philosophy of Appreciative Inquiry (referenced above) might conduct discovery, not by digging into the number and causes of problems in the organization, but by conducting interviews to disover the visions and wishes of people in the organization. Sometimes, people minimize the importance of or altogether skip this critical discovery phase, and start change management by articulating an ambitious and comprehensive vision for change. Many would argue that it is unethical to initiate a project for organizational change without fully examining (or discovering) the current situation in the clients organization. Focusing most of the change efforts on achieving a robust vision, without at least some careful discovery, often can be harmful to your clients organization because your project can end up dealing with symptoms of any current issues, rather than the root causes. Also, the project could end up pushing an exciting vision that, while initially inspiring and motivating to many, could be completely unrealistic to achieve especially if the organization already has many current, major issues to address.

Significance of Product Life Cycle

Significance of Product Life Cycle The concept of product life-cycle highlights that sooner or later all products die and that if management wishes to sustain its revenues, it must replace the declining products with the new ones. The product life-cycle concept indicates as to what can be expected in the market for a new product at various stages. i.e., introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Thus, the concept of product life-cycle can be used as a forecasting tool. It can alert management that its product will inevitably face saturation and decline, and the host of problems these stages pose. The product life-cycle is also a useful framework for describing the typical evolution of marketing strategy over the stages of product life-cycle. This will help in taking sound marketing decisions at different stages of the product life-cycle. After a product has been developed, it is launched in the market with the help of various promotional devices such as advertising, sales promotion, publicity and paresonal selling. In other words, product development must be followed by the successful introduction of the product in the market. For this, planning for introduction of the product starts during the process of product development itself. Every firm makes sale projections during introduction, growth and maturity stage of the product life-cycle. To acheive the projected sales target, it formulates promotional, pricing and distribution policies. Thus, the concept of product life-cycle facilitates integrated marketing policies relating to product, price, place and promotion/distribution. The advantages of PLC to a firm are as follows: When the product life-cycle is predictable, the management must be cautious in taking advance steps before the decline stage, by adopting product modification, pricing strategies, style, quality, change, etc. The firm can prepare an effective product plan by knowing the product life-cycle of a product. The management can find new uses of the product for the expansion of market during growth stage and for extending the maturity stage. The management can adopt latest technological changes to improve the product quality, features and design. STAGES IN PRODUCT LIFE-CYCLE Product life cycle comprises four stages: Introduction stage Growth stage Maturity stage Decline stage product-life-cycle-stages-plc Fig 1: product life-cycle Product Life Cycle (PLC) Introduction stage EXAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT SECTORS http://www.ithappensinindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/BPL-Television.jpg BPL TELEVISIONS Many products generally have a characteristic known as perishable distinctiveness.ÂÂ   This means that a product which is distinct when new degenerates over the years into a common commodity.ÂÂ   The process by which the distinctiveness gradually disappears as the product merges with other competitive products, has been rightly termed by Joel Dean as the cycle of competitive degeneration.ÂÂ   The cycle begins with the invention of a new product and is often followed by patent protection, and further development to make it saleable.ÂÂ   This is usually followed by a rapid expansion in its sales as the product gains market acceptance.ÂÂ   Then competitors enter the field with imitation and rival products and the distinctiveness of the new product starts diminishing.ÂÂ   The speed of degeneration differs from product to product.ÂÂ   While some products fail immediately on birth or a little later, others may live long enough.ÂÂ   BPLs picture in pi cture TV was eliminated at the introduction stage itself.ÂÂ   The innovation of a new product and its degeneration into a common product is termed as the life cycle of a product. There are five distinct stages in the life cycle of a product as shown below : Introduction. Research or engineering skill leads to product development.ÂÂ   The product is put on the market; awareness and acceptance are minimal.ÂÂ   There are high promotional costs.ÂÂ   Sometimes a product may generate a new demand, for example, Maggi.ÂÂ   Volume of sales is low and there may be heavy losses. Growth. The product begins to make rapid sales gains because of the cumulative effects of introductory promotion, distribution, and word-of-mouth influence.ÂÂ   High and sharply rising profits may be witnessed.ÂÂ   But to sustain growth, consumer satisfaction must be ensured at this stage. Maturity. Sales growth continues, but at a diminishing rate, because of the declining number of potential customers who remain unaware of the product or who have taken no action.ÂÂ   Also, the last of the unsuccessful competing brands will probably withdraw from the market.ÂÂ   For this reason, sales are likely to continue to rise while the customers for the withdrawn brands are mopped up by the survivors.ÂÂ   There is no improvement in the product but changes in selling effort are common.ÂÂ   Profit margins slip despite rising sales. Saturation. Sales reach and remain on a plateau marked by the level of replacement demand.ÂÂ   There is little additional demand to be stimulated. Decline.ÂÂ  Sales begin to diminish absolutely as the customers begin to tire of the product and the product is gradually edged out by better products or substitutes, for example, dial telephones and petrol jeeps. http://www.mbaknol.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/product-life-cycle.jpg Time Fig 2: product life-cycle of BPL TVs There are several reasons why the life-cycle of a product tends to be short :ÂÂ   (a) continuous research for product development, (b) simultaneous attempts by several companies in the same direction, and (c) tendency of a new idea to attract competitors.ÂÂ   Improvements offered by one company are likely to be met and, if possible, exceeded by competitors in a relatively short period.ÂÂ   If a competitor hits upon a real improvement (perhaps based on an entirely new technology) and he markets it well, both sales and profits of the original technology) and he markets it well, both sales and profits of the original product innovator may decline drastically. It may be noted that products may begin a new cycle or revert to an early stage as a result of (a) the discovery of new uses, (b) the appearance of new users, and (c) introduction of new features. As the distinctiveness of the products fade, the pricing discretion enjoyed by their producers gradually declines.ÂÂ   This is what happened in the case of many products like ball-point pens, transistors, radios, etc.ÂÂ   Throughout the cycle, changes take place in price and promotional elasticity of demand as also in the production and distribution costs of the product.ÂÂ   Pricing policy, therefore, must be adjusted over the various phases of the cycle. Product life-cycle concentrates only the life-cycle of a product beginning with its introduction into the market to the post-marketing phase.ÂÂ   However, a series of processes are to be undertaken by the management even prior to the introduction of a product in the market.ÂÂ   These processes include exploration, screening, analysis, development, testing, etc.ÂÂ   The concept of product life-cycle may be used as a managerial tool. Marketing strategies, however, have to be changed with changes in the phase of the life-cycle of a product.ÂÂ   An understanding of the cycle is helpful to the managers for a rational understanding of the future sales activities as also planning of marketing strategies.ÂÂ   Hence, PLC is synonymous with the pattern of demand for a product over time. The length of time that a product spends at anyone stage varies from product to product.ÂÂ   A product might not pass through every stage in the cycle.ÂÂ   Some products, for instance, might not get past the introductory stage, while others might not get past the growth or even the maturity stage.ÂÂ   There might be still other products that might pass through the introduction to maturity stages but might take a longer period to reach the saturation stage and hence might take a longer period to reach the decline stage.ÂÂ   Some products, for instance, might not get past the maturity stage.ÂÂ   There might be still other products that might pass through the introduction to maturity stages but might take a longer period to reach the saturation stage and hence might take a longer period to reach the decline stage.ÂÂ   Some products might even hustle through the entire cycle in an amazingly short period.ÂÂ   In certain cases, there might even be a repos itioning of a product, which might trigger off a new growth cycle.ÂÂ   http://www.dineshbakshi.com/phocadownload/product-life-cycle.jpg ÂÂ  Fig 3: product life-cycle of Facebook

Comparing the Religions of Christianity and Hinduism Essay -- compare

â€Å"If I were asked to define the Hindu creed, I should simply say: Search after truth through non-violent means. A man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu. Hinduism is a relentless pursuit after truth... Hinduism is the religion of truth. Truth is God.† -- Mahatma Gandhi "I believe in Christianity as I believe that the sun has risen: not only because I see it, but because by it I see everything else." -- C. S. Lewis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hinduism and Christianity are two religions that have been around for thousands of years. These religions have developed philosophies on certain subjects that can be compared in order to show their similarities and differences. Some of the main subjects that can be reflected upon are the paths to enlightenment or salvation, the religions' treatment of women, and the concept of the afterlife. This paper will give an analytic comparison of these religions through the discussion of these topics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most important elements of these religions is their history. The Hindu religion disputably began around 2500 years before the Common Era (B.C.E.) in India. It was geographically based along the Indus River, which was called â€Å"Hindu† by the Persians who had migrated there. They also called the land Hindustan and it’s inhabitants, Hindus. After that, the religion that followed was called Hinduism. Today, almost 800 million people practice the Hindu religion (Spodek, 261) More than a religion, Hinduism is a way of life and a philosophy that is most concerned with spirituality and enlightenment. The idealism of the Hindu religion comes from the Vedas, which are the Hindu religion's oldest scriptures and are considered to be a direct revelation of God. The Upanishads are writings that take their themes from the Vedas. The Upanishads, however, seem to be more along the lines of allegories that give a fleshy quality to the religion rather than a very dry and out of touch feel that can be found in other religious texts. Lastly, the Bhagavad-Gita is a collection of teachings that are based on the conversation between Arjuna, a soldier for one of two warring families, and Lord Krishna, who appears as Arjuna's charioteer. In these conversations the two discuss everything from the purpose of life to the basis of reality. Much like Christian proverbs, the teachings of Lord Krishna give advice and general good sense and... ... to the physical realm. The Christian version only allows for one life to determine the fate of one's eternity. It seems that the only way to miss the trip to heaven would be to denounce Jesus and not give for forgiveness, but who is going to do that if given the option in eternity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The comparison of these two religions is one that is full of differences with the occasional similarity. Mainly, I find Hinduism to be a religion full of positive aspects that give meaning and importance to any of its follower's lives. Conversely, Christianity is a religion that is steeped in contradiction and confusion. It uses guilt and dire consequences to push people into it arms. Where Hinduism allows for personal choice at a personal price, Christianity allows for personal freedom with almost no responsibility for personal action. Works Cited Spodek, Howard. The World's History. Second Edition. Calmann & King Ltd. London. 2001. Eastman, Roger. The Ways of Religion: An Introduction to the Major Traditions. Third Edition. Oxford University Press. N.Y. 1999 Jayaram, V. "Traditional Status of Women in Hinduism." Web. 15 May 2015. http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_women.asp

Broken Dreams :: essays research papers

Luke is jogging down the ground, followed closely by a stalker. He feels the hot, heavy breath of his follower on his neck, and can see his large shadow looming in front of him. He tries to fun faster to get away, dodging and weaving, but cannot seem to shake him; he is with him every step of the way. There is no escape. A call from a mate is an enormous relief; Luke has been rescued. He passes the ball to his mate, and continues running towards goal. Ryley lines up for goal about forty meters out, and with a superbly executed drop punt, sends the ball sailing through the goal posts. He kicks the first goal of the 2005 premiership season, and puts the Falcons six points in front, after only three minutes into the first quarter. The crowd erupts into applause and begins to chant, ‘Falcons, Falcons!’ Luke knew that this season would be a lot better than the last. This year he is going to be injury free and the critics have already ranked him highly in the running for the b est and fairest player at the end of the season. The Falcons were also tipped to finish in the top four this year, even though they did not have a full coaching staff. The game continued with a bounce from the umpire in the centre of the oval. The ruckmen battle it out, wrestling each other to get the tap needed for a break out of the centre. The football falls to the ground and is immediately smothered by desperate players trying to help their team. The umpire blows the whistle and signals another bounce. Again, the ruckmen struggle against each other, but this time the ball is punched forward. Luke jumps high into the air to seize the football, however comes crashing down and lands awkwardly, with other players falling in a pile on top of him. Everyone quickly jumps up and chases the pack of players following the ball. Luke is left lying on the ground, curled up in excruciating pain, holding his knee. The Falcon’s team runners come sprinting onto the field to attend to the injured player, signaling for the stretcher. Luke stands up, ignoring the stretcher, and is helped off the ground by two trainers. He is carried down into the clubrooms, where a physiotherapist attempts to identify the severity of the injury.

Intertextuality in Robert Kroetschs Seed Catalogue Essay -- Kroetsch

Intertextuality in Robert Kroetsch's Seed Catalogue The late poet John Donne said, "No man is an island." Donne passed away in the earliest part of the seventeenth century, and yet he recognized an idea upon which much of modern philosophy and literary criticism is built. Donne said, in effect, that any individual man is nothing outside the body of mankind; Donne thereby supports a theory of cultural subjectivism. In the field of literary criticism, particularly modern and postmodern criticism, the term intertextuality refers to the phenomenon of interconnectedness that exists specifically within literature. Just as Donne believes man to be nothing outside the context of his culture, so too does modern literary criticism support the idea that a text is nothing outside of the whole body of a culture's literature. In this way, it is fair to say that no text is an island. As in any discussion of theoretical topics, it is vitally important for those involved in a discussion of intertextuality to fully understand the definition of the word before any meaningful discussion of the term or its application can occur. According to M. H. Abrams: The term intertextuality, popularized by Julie Kristeva, is used to signify the multiple ways in which one literary text is made up of other texts, by means of its open or covert citations and allusions, its repetitions and transformations of the formal and substantive features of earlier texts, or simply its unavoidable participation in the common stock of linguistic and literary conventions and procedures that are "always already" in place and constitute the discourses into which we are born. In Kristeva's formulation, accordingly, any text is in fact an "intertext"-the site of... ... virtue of their unique relationship. The metaphor of seeds may not be limited to what constitutes the seeds of a prairie town or the seeds of a poet but rather to what constitutes the seeds of a poem. Just as plants grow to maturity and create the seeds for a new generation of plants, the texts of one's life become the beginning of new texts to be created. The seeds catalogued within Seed Catalogue are texts. Works Cited Abrams, M. H. "Text and Writing (Écriture)." A Glossary of Literary Terms. 7th ed. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, 1999. Garret-Petts, W. F. "Novelist as Radical Pedagogue." College English 54.5 (1992): 554-572. Herk, Aretha van. "Robert Kroetsch Biocritical Essay." The Robert Kroetsch Papers: first accession. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1986. Kroetsch, Robert. Seed Catalogue. Winnipeg: Turnstone Press, 2001.

Night World : Soulmate Chapter 17

I need to call my mom,† Hannah said. Thierry nodded. â€Å"But maybe wait until she's up. It's not dawn yet.† They were at Thierry's house, in the elegant bedroom with the softly burnished gold walls. The window had just begun to turn gray. It was so good to rest, to let go of tension, to feel her battered body relax. It was so good to be alive. She felt as if she'd been reborn and was looking at the world with wide new eyes. Even the smallest comforts-a hot drink, a fire in the fireplace-were immeasurably precious. And it was good to be with Thierry. He was sitting on the bed, holding her hand, watching her as if he couldn't believe she was real. The healer had come and gone, and now it was just the two of them. They sat together quietly, not needing words. They looked into each other's eyes, and then they were reaching for each other, holding each other. Resting like weary travelers in each other's arms. Hannah leaned her forehead against Thierry's lips. It's over, she thought. I was right when I told Paul the apocalypse was coming-but it's over now. Thierry stirred, kissing the hair on her forehead. Then he spoke, not out loud but with his mental voice. As soon as Hannah heard it, she knew he was trying to say something serious and important. You know, you came very close to becoming a vampire. You ‘re going to be sick for a few days while your body shifts back to human. Hannah nodded without pulling away to look at him. The healer had told her all that. She sensed that there was something more Thierry wanted to say. And†¦ well, you still have a choice, you know. There was a silence. Then Hannah did pull away to look at him. â€Å"What do you mean?† He took a deep breath, then said out loud, â€Å"I mean, you can still choose to be a vampire. You're right on the edge. If you want, we can make you change over.† Hannah took a long breath of her own. She hadn't thought about this-but she was thinking now. As a vampire, she'd be immortal; she could stay with Thierry continuously for who knew how many thousands of years? She would be stronger than a human, faster, telepathic. And perfect physically. Involuntarily, her hand went to her left cheek, to her birthmark. The doctors couldn't take it away. But becoming a vampire would. She looked directly at Thierry. â€Å"Is that what you want? For me to become a vampire?† He was looking at her cheek, too. Then he met her eyes. â€Å"I want what you want. I want you to be happy. Nothing else matters to me.† Hannah took her hand away. â€Å"Then,† she said very softly, â€Å"if you don't mind, I'll stay human. I don't mind the birthmark. It's just-part of me, now. It doesn't bring up any bad memories.† After a moment, she added, â€Å"All humans are imperfect, I guess.† She could see tears in Thierry's eyes. He gently lifted her hand and kissed it. He didn't say anything, but something about his expression made Hannah's throat and chest fill with love.. Then he took her in his arms. And Hannah was happy. So happy that she was crying a little, too. She was with her flying companion-her playmate. The one who was sacred to her, who was the other half of the mysteries of life for her. The one who would always be there for her, helping her, watching her back, picking her up when she fell down, listening to her stories-no matter how many times she told them. Loving her even when she was stupid. Understanding her without words. Being inside the innermost circle in her mind. Her soulmate. Things are going to be all right now, she thought. Suddenly it was as if she could see the corridor of time again, but this time looking forward, not back. She would go to college and become a paleontologist. And she and Thierry would work with Circle Daybreak and the Old Powers that were rising. They would be happy together, and they would help the world through the enormous changes that were coming. The sadness would go out of Thierry's eyes. They would love and discover and learn and explore. And Hannah would grow up and get older, and Thierry would love her just the same. And then one day, being human, she would go back to Mother Earth, like a wave going out to the ocean. Thierry would grieve for her-and wait for her. And then they would start all over again. One lifetime with him was enough, but Hannah sensed that there would be many. There would always be something new to learn. Thierry moved, his breath warming her hair. â€Å"I almost forgot,† he whispered. â€Å"You're seventeen today. Congratulations.† That's right, Hannah thought. She looked toward the window, startled and overwhelmed. The sky was turning pink now. She was seeing the dawn of her seventeenth birthday-something that had never happened before. I've changed my destiny. â€Å"I love you,† she whispered to Thierry. And then they just sat together, holding each other as the room filled with light.

Poem Analsys

after reading The Eagle and Hawk Roosting, in that location were several differences and similarities that I noticed between them. Some of these brought them closer to each separate while others made them to a greater extent free of each other. In twain(prenominal) poems the main characters of the monger and the eagle seem to be aw are of their surroundings in a humanistic way. The Eagle, while being a good deal shorter than Hawk Roosting, is still able to put across the feeling that he is the master of his domain.I speak out that Hawk Roosting, however, is able to give more relatable sensory details than The Eagle because of the locating that it was told from. Because of the first person point of mint in Hawk Roosting the author is overly able to use personification to take a shit himself seem more important. In The Eagle, a understanding of importance is still present, nevertheless it can be overlooked because of the triplet person point of view. While unaccompani ed The Eagle uses rhyme, the rhythm in both poems helps to move the reader through it.They both have sensory details for sight, precisely I think that Hawk Roosting uses the sense touch in a actually personal way with the phrase My feet are locked upon the rough bark. While both poems move on a feeling of power and majesty, they leave different parting experiences for the reader. Hawk Roosting ends with the hawk believing that he is the master of everything. The Eagle, I believe, finishes with a sense dignity.

Thin Film Solar Cell

pilfer solar might is quite hardly the energy formulated directly from the sun and collected elsewhere, namely the Earth. photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. photovoltaic cut down occupy solar carrells ar tripping to handle , inexpensive and to a fault diff utilize to habit. lissome burgeon forth panel is tensile and potentiometer inhabit a bullet tidy sum without failing and basis greatly increase the start atomic number 18a and the preoccupation coefficient needed to generate electricity. This paper will dispute the advantages and disadvantages of the sparse- drive solar stallular phone and to a fault run a extensive its application and how its work.Introduction The solar stall is the current technology slightly the world. The solar jail cadre is also called a renewable energy source, beca make use of the capture the sun and convert it into the electrical energy. There be some(prenominal)(predicate) casef uls of solar booths, nevertheless the most important champion is a thin- film solar kioskular phone. It is cost stiff and its efficiency is great than the opposite types of solar cells equivalent thin film dye sanitized solar cell . solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun and collected elsewhere. entirely solar cells argon made of ti.Thin- Film photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. solar cells are made out of semiconducting material, ordinarily atomic number 14. The process of making a solar cell begins with taking a slice of highly purified ti crystal, and then processing it through several stages involving in vitiated stages heating and cooling. Solar cells are ground on semiconductor physics they are essentially dependable a P-N adjunction photo-diodes with a really elephantine get away-sensitive area. An other(a)(a) third estate material for thin- film cells include atomic number 31 Aarseni de (GaAs), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide, and tabun Phosphide.The most common types of photovoltaic cells are single-junction, multi-junction, and thin-film. A thin film panel is flexible and can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and can greatly increase the surface area and the absorption coefficient needed to generate electricity. Multi-junction solar cells are most commonly utilise in solar concentrating applications such as satellites in space. immediately we use solar role to do many things. We use solar authority for e reallything from computers to large bureau plants that can power large cities. The most common applications for solar panels are used for small evices. The Solar cell technology research is continuing to bring forth low-cost high-efficiency elements and the latest approaches in solar cell designs. Some countries do not gather in petroleum or do not demand comely political and economic power to buy it or to produce it, but they receive more sunn iness than others. The solar cell technology is rapidly increase in those countries than the others, and it also grows winged in atomic number 20 than in Washington. Poly crystalline thin-film solar cells are based on those compounds which present the efficiencies up to 19. 2%. Nowadays, it is change magnitude by 20. 4%.The Swiss Federal Laboratories for material Science and Technology has recently developed a new thin-film solar cell with an efficiency of 20. 4%. Those cells are based on CIGS (copper indium gallium (DI) selenide) semiconductor material. The band gap on the covert of the solar cell around 1. 6-1. 8 EV. The thin-film solar cells should be design by single-junction and also two- junction devices commonly used CIGS and CdZnTe. There are quartette incompatible types of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. compact disk telluride (CdTe) 3. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS) 4. Organic photovoltaic cells (OPC) How Thin-Film Solar Cell WorksTh in-film solar cells are also called new generation of solar cell. This cell contains octuple layers of PV material. This new generation solar cells produce over 3700 megawatts of electrical energy in 2010. The of import difference between the structure of normal silicon solar cells and thin film silicon solar cell is the thin flexible arrangement of the variant layer as is intendn as figure (1). The only advantage of that layer is to get to a greater surface area for sunniness absorption and also it is very low weight and easy to use in cars and small devices. Figure (1) We use calculator everyday in our normal daily routine.These solar powered calculators have a small solar cell at the top corner of the calculator. These cells are built with thin film technology. Most of them are very small about an inch long and ? inch wide. The thin-film solar cells are very thin thats why they Called thin-film solar cell. Thin-film solar cell is different than the silicon wafer. Silicon wa fer and thin-film solar cell have a light absorbing layer, but only difference is the thickness. The silicon wafer has 350 microns thick,but the thin-film solar cell has only one micron, and as result thin-film solar cell is very light weight compared to other solar cells.Thin-film solar cells are made of several layers. Those all layer helps to absorb light. As you can see in the figure (2). (Different layers in thin-film solar cell) Figure (2) On the other hand, some thin-film solar cell required the three functional layers from the multiple layers in a solar cell. These three have different important function. In the figure (a), show the front contact and back contact layers which have only one job to do and thats is to provide the electrical contact with the solar cell from the outside the world. The figure (a) shows the basic theory of the different layer stack of the thin-film solar cell.Thin -film solar cell implemented by the different ship canal , but the three most common inorganic technologies are CuSe2 , CdTe solar cell, and also thin-film solar cell which has an amorphous and microcrystalline silicon absorber. There are three major types of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 3. Copper indium gallium deselenide (CIGS). The (a-Si) solar cell is very commonly used and also easy to understand and implement it, but on that point are two major problems that cause this type of solar cell to have some drawbacks.The send-off problem is, silicon is very hard to mention the market and buy it , because its demand often exceeds the supply. The secondly thing is, this type of solar cell has very low efficiency. This type of solar cell is also very thinner so they absorb sunlight in very less and on the other hand, they do not have enough power to absorb more. Therefore, they used in calculator and other very small and low power consume devices. The Advantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell1. Thin-film solar cell is very cheaper than the silicon solar cell2. They are also available in thin wafer sheet.3.More flexible and very easy to handle it.4. less(prenominal) thinner than crystalline solar cell. It can be as thin . 001 mm or more, but the crystalline solar cells are . 15-. 2 mm thick.5. Easy to install on the rooftop with a rugged mounting system with proclivity at a fixed degree.6. Thin film solar cells have better performance in the hot weather. See table (1) below.Table (1) The efficiency of solar panel /% Temperature /degree a-Si thin film guileless 25 (STC) 10 16 35 8 11 45 6 6 50 5 3. 5 The Disadvantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell 1. Less efficient than the normal standard silicon and crystalline solar cell.See table (2) below. Table (2) build Crystalline Efficiency Drop Light San Francisco corrupt 8%-15% Heavy San Francisco fog 15%-20% knotty & raining 20% 50% Heavy boggy & raining 50% 90% 2. They have complex structure. 3. Different version requires its own unique knowledgeablen ess skills. 4. They are also not available for aerospace applications. 5. They faster to degrade than the other solar cells thats why they always come with a shorter warranty. 6. They require a huge space so they are not good for most residential situations. Applications Of Thin-Film solar cellThin-film solar cell panels are used in many power applications. They are also used for outdoor and energy generating applications. These cells are very light weight and easy to use in homes and small business. They can be installed on the rooftops of the most homes. They use calculators, cars and other portable electronics. They are also used in cloths also enables the powering the iPod, iPad, and cell phones during the hiking. Thin film solar cells are used in supple charger and led lights. Conclusion The advancement of photovoltaic thin film solar cell is change magnitude rapidly.The development and decisions on materials used in PV thin film solar cell are crucial when trying to achieve optimal performance for a good price. The discovery of the photoelectric effect and the archetype of photons sparked interest of finding more ways to create efficient PV cells. The decisions on what materials to use in PV cells have paved the way for new developments and increased efficiency. When the premier thin film solar cell was created it was around 1% efficient and with todays innovations and design decisions efficiencies are now able to achieve up to 20. %. If this trend to improvement continues the way it has been over the medieval 40 years then the technology may pave the way for complete solar power generations . References 1. Harris, William. How Thin-film Solar Cells Work 07 April 2008. HowStuffWorks. com. 22 march 2013. 2. Mathias Aarre M? hlum. Which Solar Panel Types is Best Internet http//energyinformative. org/best-solar-panel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline